,!;unay; – a{j tuyhW

,!;unay; – a{j tuyhW

1. Mgpuhk;
2. Mgpuhkpd; gpwg;g[k; – njt miHg;g[k; (Mjp. 11: 31; 12:1-4)

Mgpuhk; gpwg;ghy; fy;njah; ehl;il rhh;e;jtd;. Mdhy; ,dj;jpy; vgpnuah;.  Mgpuhk; Rkhh; fpK 2165-y; gpwe;jhh;. mth; guk;giuapy; te;jth;fs; vgpnuah;.  vgpnuah; gpd; fhyj;jpy; ,!;unayh; vd;wiHf;fg;gl;ldh;.  ,!;unayhpd; je;ij Mgpufhk;. a{j kjk; ,thpd; re;jjpfshy; gpw;fhyj;jpy; gpd;gw;wgl;ld. flt[s; mtiu miHj;j nghJ mth; thH;e;j ,lk; bkrg;gl;nlhkpah(fy;njah). bkrg;gl;nlhkpah gz;ila ehfhpfq;fspy; xd;W.  bkrg;gl;nlhkpah gFjpfs; ,d;iwa <uhf; ehl;oy; cs;sJ. Mgpuhkpd; Kjy; kidtpapd; bgah; rhuha;.  Mgpuhk; flt[s; fhl;oa ghijapy; brd;whh;. (mg; 7: 2-5)

Fwpg;g[:       giHa Vw;ghl;L Mz;Lfs; njhuhakhdit MFk;.

2. Mgpuhk; vfpg;jpy; (Mjp. 12:6-8;10-20)

gz;ila cyf muRfspd; Kjy; Kf;fpa muR vfpg;jpa muR.  Mgpuhk; jd; ,y;yhSld; (rhuhs;) fhdhd; brd;whh;.  gpd;g[ vfpg;J ehL brd;whh;. Mgpuhk; thH;f;if ehnlho thH;f;ifahFk;.  vfpg;Jf;F bry;y MgpuhKf;F flt[s; Twtpy;iy.  vdnt kPz;Lk; Mgpuhk; jd; kidtpa[ld; vfpg;ij tpl;L btsp te;jhh;.  vfpg;jpypUe;J te;jth; fhdhd; njrj;jpy; Kjy; gypgPlk; fl;o flt[is bjhGjhh;. ,e;j gypgPlk; bgj;njYf;Fk; Mapf;Fk; ,ilapy; mike;jJ.

3. Mgpuhk; nyhj;ij tpl;Lg; gphpjy; (Mjp.13:1–13)

nyhj;/ Mgpuhkpd; rnfhjuupd; kfd;.  fhdhdpy; ,UtUk; ,ize;J thH;tjw;F ,lkpy;iy.  fhuzk; mth;fSf;F Ml;L ke;ijfs; mjpfk; ,Ue;jd.  ,jdhy; ,Uthpd; ,ilaUf;Fk; mof;fo jfuhWfs; Vw;gl;ld.  vdnt MgpuhKk;/ nyhj;Jk; rkhjhdkhf gphpe;jdh;.  nyhj;J fpHf;fpy; nahh;jhd; gFjpf;F brd;whh;.  nahh;jhd; kf;fs; kpft[k; bfhoa ghtpfs;.  Mdhy; Mgpuhk; vgpnuhdpy; ke;ijfSld; thH;e;jhh;.  flt[s; fhl;oa tHpapy; bjhlh;e;J thH;e;jhh; Mgpuhk.]

Mgpuhk; nyhj;ij kPl;ly; :          nyhj; nrhjhkpy; thH;e;j xU bry;th;.  nyhj;jpd; bry;tq;fis nrhjhk; bfhnkhuh murh;fs; bfhs;isaoj;J bfhz;L brd;wdh;.  ,r;bra;jp vgpnuauhd MgpuhKf;F mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.  Mgpuhk; nghh; gapw;rp bgw;w 318 gzpahsUld; brd;whh;.  nyhj;jpd; clikfis kPl;L te;jhh;. rhnyhk; murh; (bky;fpbrnjf;F) Mgpuhik MrPh;tjpj;jhh;.  nghhpy; btd;w Mgpuhk; bky;fpbrnjf;F murUf;F gj;jpy; xU gq;iff; nfhLj;jhh;.  ,Jnt jrkghfj;jpd; bjhlf;fk;. ,e;j nghh; btw;wp \yk; jd;id xU rpwe;j gil jiytuhft[k; Mgpuhk; epUgpj;jhh;.

nkhthgpah; kw;Wk; mk;nkhdpah; njhd;wy; (Mjp. 19 :30-38) nyhj;J nrhthiu tpl;L btspnawpdhh;.  fhuzk; nrhjhkpah; bfhLq; bfhoath;fs;.  vdnt flt[s; nrhjhik mHpj;jhh;.  nyhj;jpd; kidtp fPH;g;goahikahy; cg;g[j; J}zhdhh;.  nyhj; jd; ,U bgz;kf;fSld; xU Fifapy; thH;e;jhh;. \j;jts; ek;Kld; cwt[ bfhs;s ntW Mlth; ,y;iy vd;whs;.  vdnt nyhj;Jf;F kJ bfhLj;J cwt[ bfhs;nthk; vd;whs;.  ,t;thW ,UtUk; je;ijtHp fUj;jhpj;jdh;.  ,t;tif jtwhd cwt[fis njtd; btWf;fpwhh;. \j;jts; bgw;w kfd; nkhthg;. ,isats; bgw;w kfd; bgd;dk;kp vdg;gLk; mk;nkhd;. ,th;fs; tHpj; njhd;wy; nkhthgpah;/ mk;nkhdpah;.  ,e;j nkhthgpaUk;/ mk;nkhdpaUk; ,!;untyUf;F vjpuhf bray;gl;ldh;. 

4. MgpuhKld; flt[spd; cld;gof;if (Mjp 14:15)

Mgpuhk; rhuha; MfpnahUf;F FHe;ij ,y;iy.  ,e;epiyapy; MgpuhKf;F Mz;lth; fhl;rp mspj;jhh;.  Mz;lth; tpz;kPd;fisg; nghy cd; tHp kugpdh; ,Ug;ghh; vd;whh;.  ,jid “ehd; vg;go chpikahf;fpf; bfhs;ntd; vd;whh;” Mgpuhk;.  Mz;lth; “,sk; gR/ bts;shL/ brk;kwp/ fhl;Lg[wh/ khlg;g[wh Mfpatw;wpid bfhz;L te;J ,uz;lhf btl;o gypapl brhd;dhh;.  Mgpuhk; gwitfis btl;oj; Jz;of;ftpy;iy.  Mgpuhk; fz;zah;e;j nghJ gypapl;L Jz;oj;j cly;fis gwitfs; te;J jpd;wd.  ,J gyp brYj;Jtjpy; cz;lhd FiwghL MFk;.  ,jdhy; Mgpufhk; tHp kugpdh; 400 Mz;Lfs; moikahapdh;.  Mdhy; ehd;fhk; jiyKiwapdh; jpUk;gp ,q;F tUthh;fs; vd;whh; Njtd;.  mg;nghJ Mgpuhk; fhdhd; ehl;oy; thH;e;J te;jhh;.

5. MfhUk; ,!;kntYk; (Mjp. 16)

Mgpuhkpd; kidtp rhuha;f;F kfg;ngwpy;iy.  rhuhapd; gzpg;bgz; ntiy bra;j vfpg;jpag; bgz; Mfhh;.  Mfhiu kWkidahl;oahf;fp bfhs;s mf;fhy tHf;fg;go MgpuhKf;F mDkjp mspj;jhh; rhuha;.  ,jdhy; Mgpuhk; tHp Mfhh; ,!;kntiy bgw;bwLj;jhh;.  mg;nghJ Mgpuhkpd; taJ vz;gj;jhW.  ,!;knaypd; g[jy;th;fSk; gpw;fhyj;jpy; gd;dpU Fyq;fshapdh;.  mth;fs; vfpg;Jf;F fpHf;F gFjpapy; thH;e;jdh;.  ,!;kntyUk; tpUj;jnrjd rlq;Filadh;.

6. tpUj;jnrjd cld;gof;if (Mjp. 17)

,e;epiyapy; Mgpuhkpd; taJ bjhz;q}w;bwhd;gJ MdJ. mg;nghJ kPz;Lk; Mz;lth; Mgpuhkpd; Kd; njhd;wp cld;gof;if bra;jhh;.  “ Mgpuhk; vz;zw;w ehLfspd; je;ij” vd;gJ mth; bgahpd; bghUshFk;. md;W Kjy; Mgpuhk; bgah; khw;wg;gl;L Mgpufhk; vd;wiHf;fg;gl;lhh;.  mjd; milahsk; tpUj;jnrjdk; vd;w cld;gof;if. mjd;go gpwe;j vl;lhk; ehs; Mz;FHe;ij tpUj;jnrjdk; bra;ag;glntz;Lk;.  gpd; Mgpufhk; jk; tPl;oy; gpwe;j Mz;fSf;F tpUj;jnrjdk; bra;jhh;.

MgpufhKf;F Mz;lth; njhd;wp kPz;Lk; thf;Fg;gz;zpdhh;.  rhuha; tHp MgpufhKf;F Mz;kfd; njhd;Wthd; vd;gJ ,iwthf;F.  khjtplha; epd;W nghd rhuha; tHp mw;g[jkhf gpwe;J te;jth; <rhf;F.  <rhf;F gpwf;Fk; nghJ MgpufhKf;F taJ E}W.

7. MfhUk; ,!;kntYk; btspnaw;wg;gly;

Kjph;tajpy; rhuha; <d;bwLj;j kfd; <rhf;F.  <rhf;F vl;lhk; ehs; tpUj;jnrjdk; bra;ag;gl;lhd;.  ,!;kntYk;/ <rhf;Fk; xnu tPl;oy; tsh;e;J tUfpd;wdh;.  Mfhh; kfd; jd; kfDld; gq;fhspaha; ,Uf;f rhuhs; tpUk;gtpy;iy.  vdnt gzpg;bgz;iza[k; mth; kfida[k; Juj;jpl Mgpufhik ntz;odhh;.  ,jidf; nfl;l Mgpufhk; kpFe;j ntjid mile;jhh;.  MapDk; FLk;gj;jpy; tPz; rr;rut[fis jtph;f;f Mfhiua[k; kfida[k; Juj;jpl;lhh; Mgpufhk;.  Mgpufhk; MfhUf;F bfhLj;jJ mg;gKk; njhw;ig jz;zPUk;.  mj;Jld; ,UtUk; bgah;brgh te;jile;jdh;.  njhw;ig jz;zPh; jPh;e;J tpl;lJ.  Mfhh; g[jh; xd;wpy; FHe;ijia fplj;jpdhs;.  FHe;ij rhtij ghh;f;f rfpahky; J}uj;jpy; brd;whs;.  flt[s; FHe;ijapd; mGFuiyf; nfl;L Mfhhplj;jpy; eP igaid ifapy; vL/ mtdpy; bghpa ,dk; njhd;Wk; vd;whh;. mtd; mk;g[ va;tjpy; ty;ytdhdhd;.  mtDf;F xU vfpg;jpa bgz;iz jha; kzKoj;J itj;jhs;.

1. <rhf;F
2. <rhf;F – thf;Fjj;jj;jpd; kfd; gpwg;g[ (Mjp. 21)

Mgpufhkpd; tHpghL gypf;nfhl;ghL KiwahFk;. tHpghl;oy; kpUfq;fis gypapLjy; vd;gnj gypf;nfhl;ghL. flt[s; Mgpufhikr; nrhjpj;jhh;.  nkhhpah kiyapy; <rhf;if vhpgypahf;fpl flt[s; nfl;lhh;.  Mz;lth; Mizf;nfw;g MgpufhKk; <rhf;Fk; brd;wdh;. vhpgypapl kfidf;fl;o gypapl Kad;whh; Mgpufhk;.  mg;nghJ Mz;lth; igad;nky; ifitf;fhnj vd;whh;. gpd;g[/ Mgpufhk; <rhf;Ff;F gjpy; Ml;Lfplh xd;wpid vhpgypahf;fpdhh;.  mt;tplk; ahntaPnu vd;wiHf;fg;gLfpwJ.  ahnt vd;w vgpnua brhy; flt[isf; Fwpf;fpwJ.  <rhf;F jd; jha; je;ija[ld; thH;e;jhh;.  jha; rhuha; 127 tajpy; ,we;jhh;.  Mgpufhk; tpiy bfhLj;J epyk; thq;fp rhuhia vgpnuhdpy; mlf;fk; bra;jhh;. 

2. <rhf;fpd; jpUkzk; (Mjp.24)

Mgpufhk; kpft[k; KJik mile;jhh;.  xUehs; Mgpufhk; jd; \j;j gzpahis miHj;J mthplk; fhdhd; ehl;L bgz; ntz;lhk;/ vd; brhe;j ehl;ow;F brd;W vd; cwtpdhplkpUe;J vd; kfDf;F bgz; bfhz;L th vd;whh;.  gzpahs;/ bkrbgj;njhkpahtpYs;s ehnfhh; brd;whh;.  mq;F bgz;fs; jz;zPh; vLf;Fk; fpzW ,Ue;jJ.  gzpahs; Mgpufhkpd; flt[is nehf;fp ntz;odhh;.  mg;bghGJ bungf;fhs; njhs;kPJ Flj;Jld; te;jhh;.  mth; Mgpufhkpd; cwtpdh; bgj;Jntypd; kfs;.  mth; vHpy;kpf;f njhw;wKila fd;dpg; bgz;.  Mgpufhkpd; ntiyahs; Fof;f jz;zPh; nfl;lhh;.  mg;bgz; mtUf;Fk; xl;lfq;fSf;Fk; jz;zPh; bfhLj;jhh;.  Mgpufhkpd; ntiyf;fhuh; mg;bgz;Zf;F fhg;g[fSk;/ \f;fzpa[k; mspj;jhh;.  mg;bgz; bgj;Jntyp;d; kfs; vd;gij gzpahs; mwpe;jhh;. me;neuk; bungf;fhspd; rnfhjud; yhghd; fpzW nehf;fp te;jhh;.  yhghd; Mgpufhkpd; ntiyahis ,y;yj;Jf;F miHj;Jr; brd;whh;.  Mgpufhkpd; ntiyahs; jhd; te;j nehf;fj;ij bjhptpj;jhh;.  bungf;fhs; 10 bgz;fSld; <rhf;if kzKof;f mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;lhh;.  bungf;fhs; njhHpaUld; <rhf;fplk; te;jhh;.  <rhf;F jd; jhahh; Tlhuj;jpy; bungf;fhis kze;jhh;.

3. Mgpufhkpd; kuzk; (Mjp. 25:1-11)

rhuhapd; kiwt[f;Fg; gpd; Mgpufhk; nfj;J}uhis kze;jhh;. nfj;J}uhs; tHp Mgpufhk; gps;isfs; mndfiu bgw;whh;.  nfj;J}uhs; \yk; MgpufhKf;F gpwe;j mth;fs; kPjpahdpah; vd;fpwJ vgpnua tuyhW.  mth;fSf;F md;gspg;g[fis bfhLj;J/ Mgpufhk; jhd; capUld; ,Uf;Fk; nghJ mth;fis fpHf;F ehl;Lf;F mDg;gpdhh;.  ,t;thW nfj;J}uhspd; gps;isfs; <rhf;Ff;F gpur;rid bfhLg;gij Mgpufhk; jtph;j;jhh;.   <rhf;fpw;F jkf;Fhpa bry;tq;fis Mgpufhk; bfhLj;jhh;.  Mgpufhk; 175 Mz;Lfs; thH;e;J ,we;jhh;.  mtiu ,!;kntYk; <rhf;Fk; vg;nuhdpy; mlf;fk; bra;jdh;.

4. <rhf;fpd; gps;isfs; – Vrh/ ahf;nfhg[

je;ij Mgpufhk; \yk; ,!;untyh;/ ,!;kntyh; gy ,dq;fs; njhd;wpd. Mgpufhkpd; chpik kfd; <rhf;F.  <rhf;fpd; kidtp bungf;fhs; ,ul;ilg; gps;isfis bgw;bwLj;jhh;.  \j;jtd; bgah; Vrh. ,uz;lhk; gps;is ahf;nfhg[.  ,th;fs; gpwe;j nghJ <rhf;fpd; taJ mWgJ.  Vrh ntl;ilapy; ty;ytuha; ,Ue;jhh;.  ahf;nfhg[ gz;g[ilatdha;  Tlhuj;jpy; thH;e;jhh;.  <rhf;F Vrh kPJ md;g[ bfhz;oUe;jhh;.  fhuzk; Vrh mspj;j ntl;il czt[ mtUf;F tpUg;gkhdJ.  xUehs; ahf;nfhg[ Ritahd TH; rikj;jhh;.  Vrh btspapypUe;J fisj;J te;jhh;.  ahf;nfhgplk; Vrh bfhQ;rk; TH; nfl;lhh;.  mjw;F cd; jiykfDila chpikia (rpnu#;l g[j;jpu ghfk;) vdf;F tpw;W tpL.  mg;nghJ cdf;F Fof;f TH; bfhLg;ngd; vd;whh;.  Vrh jiykfDhpikia ahf;nfhg[f;F tpw;W tpl;lhh;.  ,jdhy; chpik ,He;jhh; Vrh. Vrht[f;F Vnjhk; vd;Dk; bgah; tuf;fhuzk; ,Jnt. (Mjp.25)

Vrh Vkhw;wgly; (Mjp 36) <rhf;F \g;ig vl;odhh;.  mth; fz;fspd; ghh;it kq;fpw;W.  <rhf;F jd; md;g[ kfd; Vrhit miHj;jhh;.  mthplk; ntl;ilaho czt[ bfhz;L th/ mjid cz;L cd;id MrPh;tjpg;ngd; vd;whh;.  ,jid mwpe;J bfhz;lhh; kidtp bungf;fhs;.  clnd xU Ml;il bfhd;W bungf;fhs; Ritahd czt[fis jahhpj;jhh;.  jahhpj;j czit jd; md;g[ kfdplk; (ahf;nfhg[) bfhLj;jhh;.  ahf;nfhg[ mjid je;ijf;F bfhLj;J Vkhw;wp Mrp bgw;whh;.  ,ijawpe;j Vrh kpft[k; nfhgk; bfhz;lhh;. vdnt ahf;nfhg[ jg;gp brd;whh;. gpd;g[ Vrh ,!;knaypag; bgz;iz kzh;e;jhh;.  Vrh (Vnjhk;) tHp te;jth;fs; Vnjhkpah;.  Vnjhkpah; thH;e;j ,lk; ,Jnkah.  Vnjhkpahpy; xU gphptpdh; Vnuhjpah;. 

III. ahf;nfhg[

1. ahf;nfhg[ yhghdplk; bry;yy; – bgj;njy; fdt[

ahf;nfhg[ jd; je;ijia Vkhw;wp Mrp bgw;whh;.  vdnt Vrh jd; rnfhjud; kPJ nfhgk; bfhz;lhh;.  Vrh/ ahf;nfhig bfhy;yj; jp;l;lkpl;lhh;.  ,jid mwpe;j bungf;fhs; ahf;nfhig fhg;ghw;w fUjp jd; rnfhjud; yhghdplk; mDg;gpdhh;.  ahf;nfhg[ bgw;nwhh; Mizf;nfw;g jd; khkd; tPL nehf;fp g[wg;gl;lhh;.

bgj;njypy; ahf;nfhg[ fz;lf;fdt[ (Mjp. 27/28)    ahf;nfhg[ yhghd; tPL nehf;fp gazk; bra;jhh;.  mth; Xhplj;jpy; tUk; nghJ fjputd; kiwe;jhd;.  ,uit ,dpJ fHpf;f mq;F gutp fple;j fw;fspy; xd;wpid vLj;jhh;.  vLj;jf; fy;kPJ jiyia itj;Jj; J}q;fpdhh;.  mg;nghJ ahf;nfhg[ fdt[ xd;wpidf; fz;lhh;.  Vzp xd;W thdj;ija[k; g{kpiaa[k; bjhl;L epd;wJ.  mjpy;/ J}jh; VWtJk; ,wq;FtJkha; ,Ue;jJ.  ,q;F Mgpufhkpd; thf;Fj;jj;jk; kPz;Lk; ahf;nfhg[f;F  epidt{l;lg;gl;lJ flt[shy;.  vdnt ahf;nfhg[ jiyf;F itj;jf; fy; mnj ,lj;jpy; xU epidt[j; J}zhf vGe;jJ. mt;tplk; (Y}R) MFk;. gpd; bgj;njy; vd;W bgah; bgw;wJ.

yhghd; tPl;il ahf;nfhg[ te;jiljy; (Mjp 29) ahf;nfhg[ fPH;jpir ehl;il nehf;fpr; brd;whh;.  gazj;jpd; nghJ tay;btsp fpzw;iwf; fz;lhh;.  mf;fpzw;wpy; ke;ijfSf;Fj; jz;zPh; fhl;lg;gLk;.  fpzw;wpd; tha; bghpaf; fy;yhy; \lg;gl;oUe;jJ.  ke;ijfs; vy;yhk; nrh;e;jgpd; fy;g[ul;lg;gLk;.  yhghd; kfs; uhnfy; MLfis Xl;o te;jhh;.  ahf;nfhg[/ fy;iyg; g[ul;o jd; khkd; MLfSf;F jz;zPh; fhl;odhd;.  fpzw;wUnf epfH;e;jd ahf;nfhgpd; khkd; yhghdplk; Twg;gl;ld.  yhghd; te;J ahf;nfhig miHj;Jr; brd;whh;. mq;Nf ahf;nfhg[ VG Mz;Lfs; ntiy bra;J nyahis kze;jhh;.  gpd; VG Mz;L gzp bra;J jhd; tpUk;gpa uhnfiy kze;jhh;.

2. ahf;nfhgpd; g[jy;th;fs; (Mjp. 29:31 ; 30:43)

ahf;nfhg[ 12 g[jy;th;fis bgw;whh;.  +gd;/ rpkpnahd;/ jhz;/ eg;jyp/ fhj;/ Mnrh;/ ,rf;fhh;/ brg[nyhd;/ a{jh/ nytp/ nahnrg;g[/ bgd;akPd; vd gd;dpuz;L kfd;fs; ,Ue;jdh;. jPdhs; vd;Dk; xU kfSk; cz;L. ahf;nfhgpd; g[jy;th;fs; ,!;unayh; Mapdh;.  mth;fs; gd;dpUtUk; gd;dpU ,!;unty; nfhj;jpu jiytuhapdh;. gpd;g[ ahf;nfhg[ jd; cilikfSld; fhdhd; ehl;ow;F kPz;Lk; jpUk;gp te;jhh;.  tUk; tHpapy; jd; rnfhjuh; Vrhit re;jpj;jhh;. ,UtUk; rkhjhdkhapdh;. ahf;nfhg[ jhd; fdt[ fz;l bgj;njypy; xU gypgPlk; fl;o me;j gypgPlj;jpy; ,iwtHpghL bra;jhh;.  ahf;nfhgpd; g[jy;th;fs; ML nka;g;gh;fs;.  ahf;nfhg[ jd; kfd;fspy; nahnrg;ig mjpfk; nerpj;jhh;.

1. IV. nahnrg;g[
2. nahnrg;g[ vfpg;jpy; moikahFjy;

ahf;nfhg[ fhdhd; ehl;oy; thH;e;J te;jhh;. ahf;nfhg[ xU rpwg;g[ mq;fpia nahnrg;g[f;F bfhLj;jhh;.  ,jid kw;w rnfhjuh;fs; btWj;jdh;.  nkYk; nahnrg;g[ xU fdt[ fz;lhh;.  fdtpy;/ bgw;nwhh; cl;gl rnfhjuh; midtUk; nahnrg;ig tzq;fpdh;. ,jd; bghUl;L nahnrg;g[ kPJ nkYk; bghwhik bfhz;ldh;. ahf;nfhgpd; kfd;fshd nahnrg;gpd; rnfhjuh;fs; ML nka;f;fr; brd;wdh;.  nahnrg;g[ mg;nghJ gjpndG taJ ,isQdha; ,Ue;jhh;. mth;fis fz;L eyk; tprhhpj;J tu nahnrg;g[ mDg;gg;gl;lhh;.  Mdhy; nahnrg;ig fz;l rnfhjuh; mtiu bfhy;y Kad;whh;fs;. Mdhy; +gd; nahnrg;ig tpLtpf;f Kide;jhh;.  mth;fs; nahnrg;ig MH;FHp xd;wpy; nghl;ldh;.  gpd; nahnrg;ig a{jh FHpapypUe;J tpLtpj;jhh;.  tpLtpf;fg;gl;l nahnrg;g[ 20 fhRf;F moikahf tpw;fg;gl;lhh;.  nahnrg;ig thq;fpath; ,!;knayhpd; tzpfh;. me;j tzpfh;fs; \yk; vfpg;jpy;  nahnrg;g[ nghj;jpghhplk; moikahf tpw;fg;gl;lhh;.

2. nghj;jpghh; tPl;oy; nahnrg;g[ (Mjp 39/ 40)

nghj;jpghh; vfpg;J ehl;Lg; gilj;jiyth;.  nghj;jpghhpd; kidtp nahnrg;g[ kPJ fz; itj;jhs;.  xUehs; mts; nahnrg;ig jd;Dld; thH miHj;jhs;.  nahnrg;g[ mjw;F ,zq;f kWj;J tpl;lhh;.  gyKiwa[k; mts; Kide;Jk; nahnrg;g[ kWj;J tpl;lhh;.  vdnt bgha; Fw;wk; rhl;o nahnrg;g[ rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhh;.  Mdhy; Mz;lth; nahnrg;g[ld; ,Ue;jhh;.

3. nahnrg;g[ vfpg;jpd; MSeh; Mjy; (Mjp. 41)

ntjj;ij tpRthrpf;fhj ehl;oYk;/ ntj trdk; KGikahf vGjglhj fhyj;jpYk; njtd; fdt[ \yk; rpytw;iw btspg;gLj;jpdhh;. nahnrg;g[ ,Ue;j rpiwapy; ghh;nthdpd; ntW ,U gzpahs;fs; ifjpfshf ,Ue;jdh;.  mth;fs; ,UtUk; rpiwapy; fdt[fs; fz;ldh;.  nahnrg;g[ mth;fspd; fdt[fSf;F tpsf;fk; mspj;jhh;.  nahnrg;g[ brhd;dJ nghy; epfH;e;jd.  xUth; bfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.  gzpahspy; kw;wth; kPz;Lk; gzpapy; mkh;j;jg;gl;lhh;.  ,e;epiyapy; ghh;nthd; fdt[ xd;wpidf; fz;L fy’;fpdhh;.  mg;nghJ nahnrg;g[ murh; Kd; miHf;fg;gl;lhh;.  fdita[k; mjd; bghUisa[k; nahnrg;g[ rhpahf Twpdhh;.  Mjyhy; ghh;nthdhy; gjtp bfhLj;J cah;j;jg;gl;L nahnrg;g[ vfpg;jpd; gpujhd MSeh; Mdhh;.  mg;nghJ nahnrg;g[f;F taJ Kg;gJ.  nahnrg;g[ vfpg;jpa bgz;iz kze;jhh;.

4. ahf;nfhg[ tk;rj;jhh; vfpg;J bry;yy; (Mjp. 42-47)

mf;fhyj;jpy; cyfbky;yhk; bfhLk; gQ;rk; epytpaJ. vdnt midj;J ehl;L kf;fSk; jhdpak; thq;f vfpg;J te;jdh;.  ,jid mwpe;j ahf;nfhg[ jd; g[jy;th;fis vfpg;jpy; jhdpak; thq;f mDg;gpdhh;.  gy nrhjid ntjidfSf;Fg;gpd; nahnrg;ig ahh; vd g[hpe;jdh; rnfhjuh;fs;. jd; kfd;fs; \yk; vfpg;jpy; ,Ue;j nahnrg;ig  Fwpj;J mwpe;j ahf;nfhg[ kfpH;tile;jhh;.  ahf;nfhg[ld; ,!;unty; g[j;jpuh; 70 ngh; vfpg;J brd;wdh;.

ahf;nfhgpd; FLk;gk; vfpg;jpy; (Mjp. 48-50) nahnrg;g[/ vfpg;J te;j jd; je;ijia ghh;nthDf;F mwpKfk; bra;jhh;.  ghh;nthd; mth;fis cgrhpj;J nfhnrd; gFjpapy; jq;f itj;jhh;.  mq;F mth;fs; MLkhL nka;j;J thH;e;jdh;.  ,!;unayh; nfhnrd; gFjpia chpikahf;fpdh;.  gy Mz;Lfshf ,!;unayh; mq;F kpft[k; gYfpg; bgUfpdh;.  ahf;nfhg[ gjpndG Mz;Lfs; mq;F thH;e;jhh;.  mtuJ thH;ehs; bkhj;jk; 147 Mz;Lfs;. nahnrg;gpd; g[jy;th;fisa[k; (kdhnr/ vg;uhaPk;) ahf;nfhg[ MrPh;tjpj;jhh;.  ahf;nfhg[ ,we;jgpd; mthpd; kfd;fshy; fhdhd; ehl;oy; mlf;fk; bra;ag;gl;lhh;.  gpd;g[ ,!;unayh; vfpg;jpy; Rkhh; 400 Mz;Lfs; thH;e;jdh;.

5. ,!;unayh; moikahjy; (ahj;. 1)

nahnrg;g[ 110 Mz;Lfs; thH;e;jhh;.  mtuJ cly; mf;fhy vfpg;jpa kUj;Jt Kiwapy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;lJ.  vfpg;jpy; nahnrg;gpd; midj;J rnfhjuh;fSk; ,we;jdh;. 400 Mz;LfSf;F gpd; nahnrg;ig mwpahj g[jpa tk;r kd;dh; (ghh;nthd;) vfpg;jpy; njhd;wpdhh;.  mth; vfpg;jpy; ,!;unayh; bgUFtijf; fz;lhh;.  ,!;untyhpd; bgUf;fj;ij fz;L vfpg;jpah; mr;rKw;wdh;. vdnt mth;fis xLf;f jpl;lkpl;L ,!;unayiu gy;ntW fod ntiyfs; \yk; mth;fs; bfhLikg;gLj;jpdh;.  ,Wjpapy; ,!;unayh; vfpg;jpy; moikfshf;fg;gl;ldh;. nkYk; vgpnuah; bgUFtij jLf;f vgpnua Mz;gps;isfis bfhd;wpl ghh;nthdhy; Miz gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. 

1. nkhnr jiyikapy; ,!;unayh; vfpg;jpypUe;J tpLtpf;fgLjy;
2. nkhnrapd; gpwg;g[ (fpK 1520) (ahj; 2)

gd;dpU ,!;unty; Fyq;fspy; xd;W nytp Fyk;.  nytp tHpkugpdh; nytp Fyj;jpdh; (nfhj;jpuj;jpdh;).  nytp Fyj;jpy; njhd;wpath; nkhnr.  vgpnua Mz;gps;isfis  bfhy;Yk; go iey;ejpapy; FHe;ijfis vwpe;jpl ntz;Lk; vd;gJ vfpg;jpa ghh;nthd; murhiz.  Mdhy; nkhnr ehzy; g[y; bgl;oapy; itf;fg;gl;L iey;ejpf; fiuehzy; fpilapy; itf;fg;gl;lhh;. mq;F ghh;nthd; kfs; ePuhl te;jhs;.  mg;nghJ me;j FHe;ij mGJ bfhz;oUe;jJ.  ghh;nthd; kfs; me;j FHe;ijia jj;J vLj;J/ tsh;f;f mjd; jhaplk; bfhLj;jhs;.  nkhnr vd;why; ePhpypUe;J vLj;njd; vd;gJ bghUs;.  nkhnr kpFe;j ,dg;gw;Wilath;.  v.fh. vfpg;jpaid bfhd;W vgpnuaid kPl;lhh;.  vdnt nkhnr kPjpahDf;F jg;gpnahodhh;.  kPjpahdpd; Mrhhpad; ,j;jpnuh vd;gth;.  ,j;jpnuht[f;F VG bgz;kf;fs; ,Ue;jdh;.  mth;fs; Ml;Lke;ij nka;g;gth;fs;.  nkhnr mg;bgz;fSf;F ke;ijf;F jz;zPh; fhl;l cjtpdhh;.  ,jid mwpe;j ,uFnty; nkhnria miHj;jhh;.  nkhnrf;F jd; kfs; rpg;nghuhit mth; kzKoj;Jf; bfhLj;jhh;.  mq;F nkhnr ML nka;f;Fk; bjhHpiy nkw;bfhz;lhh;. 

2. nkhnrapd; miHg;g[ (fpK 1440) (ahj;.3)

,e;epiyapy; nkhnr jg;gpnahoa nghJ vfpg;jpy; Mz;l ghh;nthd; murh; ,we;J tpl;lhh;.  ,!;unayh; moikj;jdj;jhy; mGJ g[yk;gpdhh;.  mth;fsJ g[yk;giy Mz;lth; nfl;lhh;.  Mz;lth; MgpufhKf;F bfhLj;j jk; cld;gof;ifia epidt[ Th;e;jhh;. Mgpufhkpd; cld;gof;if thf;Fjj;j ehl;Lld; bjhlh;g[ilaJ.  ,e;epiyapy; nkhnr ke;ija[ld; Xnuig te;jile;jhh;.  mq;F Kl;g[jh; xd;W beUg;gpy; vhpe;J bfhz;oUe;jJ.  jPg;gpoj;J vhpe;j Kl;g[jh; vhpe;J rhk;gyhfp nghftpy;iy.  ,t;tUq;fhl;rpia fz;l nkhnr mUfpy; brd;whh;.  mg;nghJ Mz;lth; “nkhnr/ nkhnr” vd;wiHj;jhh;.  “eP epw;fpd;w ,lk; ghpRj;j g{kp/ cd; kpjpaofis ghjq;fspypUe;J mfw;wpL/ ehd; cq;fs; \jhijahpd; flt[s;.  Mgpufhkpd;/ <rhf;fpd;/ ahf;nfhgpd; flt[s; ehd;” vd;whh;.  nkhnr mQ;rpajhy; jd; Kfj;jpid \odhh;.  mg;bghGJ “flt[s; vd; kf;fs; vfpg;jpy; gLk; Jd;gj;ij vd; fz;zhy; fz;nld;.  mth;fspd; mGFuiya[k; ehd; nfl;nld;” vd;whh;.  nkYk; mth; “ ehd; mth;fis vfpg;jpahpd; gpoapypUe;J tpLtpf;ft[k;/ ghYk; njDk; bghHpa[k; ey;y gue;jnjhh; ehl;ow;F miHj;J bry;yt[k;/ ,wq;fp te;Js;nsd;” vd;whh; flt[s;.  vdnt “,g;nghnj eP ngh/ ,!;unay; ,dj;jtuhfpa vd; kf;fis vfpg;jpypUe;J tpLtpj;J elj;jpr; bry;tjw;F ehd; cd;id ghh;nthdplk; mDg;g[fpnwd;” vd;whh;.  Mgpufhk;/ <rhf;F/ ahf;nfhg[ Mfpnahhpd; flt[s; nkhnrf;F “,Uf;fpwtuhf ,Uf;fpwth; ehd;” vd;whh;.  flt[s; mw;g[j milahsk; bra;a[k; Mw;wiy mg;nghJ nkhnrf;F bfhLj;jhh;. nkhnr jd; rnfhjuh; Mnuhida[k; jd;Dld; miHj;J kPz;Lk; vfpg;J brd;whh;.

3. nkhnra[k; MnuhDk; – ghh;nthid re;jpj;jy;

vgpnuahpd; flt[s; vq;fis mDg;gpdhh;.  “ehq;fs; ghiytdk; brd;W gyp brYj;j ntz;Lk;” vd;wdh;.  vfpg;jpa kd;dh; mth;fis nghf tpltpy;iy.  nkhnr jhd; bgw;w Mw;wyhy; mw;g[jk; bra;jhh;.  nkhnr bra;j tpaj;jF mUQ;bray;fs; gy.  nfhy; ghk;ghf khwy;/ jz;zPh; ,uj;jkhjy;/ tPblq;Fk; jtisfshjy;/ ehblq;Fk; bfhRf;fshjy;/ fhy;eilfs; rhjy;/ bfhg;gsq;fs;/ fy;kiH Mfpad nkhnrahy; bra;ag;gl;l mUkilahsq;fs;.(ahj;. 4-11)  vfpg;jpy; vgpnuahpd; Kjy; g!;fh bra;ag;gl;;lJ. (ahj;.12) g!;fh vd;why; ‘fle;J bry;yy;’vd;gJ bghUs;.  mjid g[spg;gw;w mg;g tpHh vd;gh;.  jiykfd; mh;gzk; g!;fh tpHht[ld; bjhlh;g[ilaJ.  ehD}W Mz;Lfs; moikjdj;jpw;F gpd; ,!;unayh; nkhnr tHpahf vfpg;jpypUe;J tpLtpf;fg;gl;ldh;.  vfpg;jpypUe;J tpLtpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; Tl;lk; tdhe;jpu rig vdg;gl;lJ. ,J ghiytdg; gazk; bra;jJ. (ahj; 13)

4. tpLjiyg; gazk; g[wg;gLjy; (fpK 1440) (ahj;. 12-19)

nkhnr Kiwaha; vfpg;jpd; muz;kidapy; gapw;rp bgw;w jiyth;.  mth; gl;lwpt[ bgw;w ,iwg;gzpahsh; flt[s; fhl;oa tHpapy; ,!;unayh; gazk; bra;jhh;fs;. tpLtpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; gazk; “tpLjiyg; gazk;.”  tpLjiyg;gazk; cld;gof;if ehl;Lld; bjhlh;g[ilaJ.  ,e;j ehL a{jhtpd; Kd;dth;fSf;F thf;Fg;gz;zg;gl;lJ.  ,!;unayh; cld;gof;if kf;fs;.  nkfj;J}z;/ beUg;g[j;J}z; tHpfhl;lypy; gazk; bra;j ghiytdr; rig (,!;untyh;) gy ,d;dy;fis re;jpj;jJ.  rPdha; kiyaUfpy; ,!;unay; rig te;jJ.  rPdha; kiyapy; itj;J 10 rl;lk; bfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.  gj;Jr;rl;lk; cld;gof;if bgl;of;Fs; itf;fgl;lJ.  10-fl;lis mog;gilapyhd nkhnrapd; rl;lk; ,!;unay; rka/ r\fr;rl;lk; MdJ.  gazj;jpd; nghJ mikf;fg;gl;lJ re;jpg;g[f; Tlhuk;.  re;jpg;g[r; Tlhuk; ntjhfktpjpg;go mikf;fg;gl;lJ.  Mfkk; vd;gJ jpUr;rl;l (njhuh) bjhFg;g[.  vgpnua tptpypaj;jpy; Kjy; Ie;J E}y;fs; “njhuh” bjhFg;g[.  tpLjiy gazj;jpd; nghJ bfhLf;fg;gl;lJ nkhnrap;d; rl;lk;.  nkhnrapd; ,e;j rl;lk; ,!;unaypd; ehl;od; rl;lkhapw;W.

vgpnua tptpypak;:          a{j tuyhW 4000 Mz;Lfs; gHika[ilaJ.  Mgpufhk;/ <rhf;F/ ahf;nfhg[ vd;nghh; a{j \jhijah;fs;.  a{j Kd;dth;fs; tuyhW vgpnua tptpypak; \yk; mwpag;gLfpwJ. vgpnua tptpypak; a{j tpLjiy tuyhW cs;slf;fpaJ MFk;.  tuyhw;W nehf;Fld; bjhFf;fg;gl;lJ vgpnua tptpypak;.  fpwp!;Jt[f;Fg; gpd; vgpnua tptpypak; giHa Vw;ghlhapw;W. giHa Vw;ghl;oy; brhy;yg;gl;lth;  ,naR. giHa Vw;ghl;od; epiwntwy; (Kot[) ,naR (nah.5:39)

5. ,!;untypd; tdhe;ju gazk; (ahj; 20 – cgh.34)

nkhnr \yk; njtdhy; vfpg;jpypUe;J tpLtpf;fg;gl;l ,!;untyh; tdhe;jpu tHpaha; gazk; bra;J rPd; tdhe;juj;jpy; te;jdh;. mq;F rPdha; kiyapy; njtd; ,!;untyUf;F “gj;J fl;lisfs;” bfhLj;jhh;. mjd; mog;gilapy; nkhnr ,!;untyUf;F “jpUrl;lk;” (njhuh) bfhLj;jhh;. ,e;j jpUrl;lnk ,!;unty; njrj;jpd; “murpay; rl;lk;” MFk;. tdhe;jpu gazj;jpy; 12 ntt[fhuh;fs; \yk; fhdhd; ehl;il ntt[ ghh;j;jdh;. ,jpy; 10 ngh; bfhLj;j jtwhd jftyhy; ,!;untyh; vfpg;jpw;F jpUk;gp bry;y jpl;lkpl;ldh;. ,jdhy; njtd; mth;fis jz;oj;jhh;. vdnt 40 ehl;fspy; flf;f ntz;oa J}uj;ij ,!;untyh; 40 Mz;Lfshf fle;jdh;. ,e;j 40 Mz;Lfspy; Rkhh; 38/39 Mz;Lfs; ,!;untyh; rPd; tdhe;jpuj;jpy; miye;J jphpe;jdh;. ,e;j fhyj;jpy; njtd; mth;fis kd;dhtpdhy; ngh#pj;jhh;. Mrhpg;g[ TlhuKk; ,f;fhyj;jpy; njtd; nkhnrf;F fhl;oa tz;zk; eph;khzpf;fg;gl;lJ.

6. ,!;untyh; thf;fspf;fg;gl;l fhdhd; njrj;ij miljy;

39 Mz;LfSf;F gpd; ,!;untyh; kPz;Lk; rPd; tdhe;juj;jpypUe;J g[wg;gl;L/ rtf;fliy Rw;wp nkhthg; njr vy;iy tHpahf thf;fspf;fg;gl;l fhdhd; njrj;jpw;Fs; nahh;jhid fle;J bry;y jpl;lkpl;lhh;fs;. ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; nkhnr nahh;jhdpd; fpHf;F fiuapy; nengh kiyapy; khpj;jhh;. nkhnrapd; kuzj;Jf;F gpd; ,!;untyiu nahRth jiyik jhq;fp elj;jpdhh;.

1. nahRth kw;Wk; ePjpj;jiyth;fs; (epahjpgjpfspd; MSif fhyk;)
2. nahRth

nkhnrf;Fg;gpd; nahRth ,!;unaypd; jiyth; Mdhh;. (nahRth.1-24) nahRth xU rpwe;j a[j;j tPuh;. ,th; jiyikapy; ,!;untyh; nahh;jhid fle;J/ thf;fspf;fg;gl;l fhdhd; njrj;jpy; brd;wdh;. mq;F mth;fs; vhpnfh gl;lzj;ij Kjypy; ifgw;wpdh;. gpd;g[ gy nghh;fs; \yk; fhdhDf;Fs; gy gpunjrq;fis ifgw;wpdh;. nkYk; thf;fspf;fg;gl;l njrj;ij nahRth gd;dpuz;L nfhj;jpuj;Jf;Fk; gq;fpl;L bfhLj;jhh;. nytp nfhj;jpuj;Jf;F epyj;Jf;F gjpy; Mrhpg;g[ Tlhu gzpfs; kl;Lk; bfhLf;fg;gl;ld.,th; ,!;untyh;fis Rkhh; 25 Mz;Lfs; jiyik jhq;fp thf;fspf;fg;gl;l njrj;ij a[j;jq;fs; \yk; btd;whh;. (fpK 1400 – 1375) nahRth fhdhd; ehl;il btd;W ,!;untyUf;F gphpj;Jf; bfhLj;jhh;.  ,!;unay; gd;dpUFyj;jpdh; fhdhdpy; thH;e;jdh;.

2. ePjpj; jiyth;fs;

nahRtht[f;Fg; gpd; ePjpj;jiyth;fs; ,!;untiy ehD}W Mz;Lfs; Ml;rpr; bra;jdh;.  bkhj;jk; 13 ePjp jiyth;fs; (epahhajpgjpfs;) Rkhh; 400 Mz;Lfs; ,!;untyiu mz;il ehLfspd; moikjdj;jpypUe;J kPl;L/ ghJfhj;J/ tHp elj;jpdh;.  ,t;thW fpK 1050 tiu ,th;fs; \yk; njtd; ,!;untyiu Mz;lhh;. rhKnty; ,!;untypd; filrp epahajpgjp Mthh;. xj;jdpnay;/ VTJ/ rk;fhh;/ ghuhf;/ bjnghuh/ fpjpnahd;/ njhyh/ ahaph;/ ag;jh/ ,g;rhd;/ Vyhd;/ mg;jhd;/ rpk;nrhd; Mfpnahh; gy nghh;fs; g[hpe;J ,!;unty; kf;fis ghJfhj;jdh;. (epah.1-21) ePjpj;jiyth;fspd; Ml;rpf;F gpd; ,!;untypy; murh; Ml;rp Kiw njhd;wpaJ.  ePjpj;jiyth;fspd; thpirapy; ,Wjpapy; te;jth; rhKnty;. (I rhK. 1-8)  

VII. ,!;unay; xd;wpa nguuRk; xd;wpa nguurpd; murh;fSk;  

1. rt[y; murh; (fp.K. 1050 -1010)

,!;unayUf;Fk; bgyp!;jpaUf;Fk; mof;fo nghh; \z;lJ.  bgyp!;jpah; cld;gof;if bgl;oia vLj;Jr; brd;whh;fs;.  flt[spd; ngiH (cld;gof;if bgl;o) kPl;f ,!;untyh; Kide;jdh;.  fpK 1150-y; gpwe;j rhKnty; ,!;unayiu gy;yhz;Lfs; flt[spd; rpj;jg;go (,iwahl;rp) Mz;lhh;. Mdhy; ,!;unayh;/ ,iwahl;rpf;F gjpyhf murh; Ml;rpia tpUk;gpdh;.  rhKnty; fhyk; tiu ,iwahl;rp ,Ue;jJ.  ,iwahl;rpf;Fg; gpd; vGe;j Kjy; murh; rt[y;.  rt[iy kf;fs; tpUg;ggoa[k;/ njt fl;lisgoa[k; muruhf mUs; bghHpt[ bra;jJ rhKnty;. (I rhK 9)

rt[y; ,!;unaypd; Kjy; muruha; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lhh;.  rt[y; mk;nkhdpaiu kw;Wk; bgyp!;jpaiu njhw;foj;jhh;.  rt[ypd; kfd; nahdj;jhd; rpwe;j tPuh;. bgyp!;jpahpd; jiytd; nfhypahj;.  nfhypahj; ,!;unayiu mr;RWj;jpdhh;.  ,!;unayhpd; ,iwtid mtd; ,fH;e;jhd;.  jhtPJ nfhypahj;ij njhw;foj;jhh;.  rt[ypd; kfs; kPfhs; jhtPJ kPJ fhjy; bfhz;lhh;.  gpd; jhtPJ rt[ypd; kfis kze;jhh;.  MdhYk; rt[y; jhtPij bjhlh;e;J Jd;g[Wj;jpdhh;.  Jd;g[Wj;jpa rt[iy jhtPJ gyKiw bfhy;yhJ tpl;lhh;.  rt[ypd; kfd; nahdj;jhDk;/ jhtPJk; ,izgphpah ez;gh;fs;.  jhtPJf;F nahdj;jhd; cjtp bra;jhh;.  ,f;fhyj;jpy; rhKnty; jPh;f;fh; ,we;J nghdhh;. gpd;g[ bgyp!;jpah; ehl;Lld; ele;j xU nghhpy; rt[y; khz;lhh;.  rt[ypd; g[jy;th;fSk; bfhy;yg;gl;ldh;.  bkhj;jk; ehw;gJ Mz;Lfs; rt[y; muruhf ,!;untiy Mz;lhh;. (I rhK. 9-31) 

2. jhtPJ murh; (fp.K. 1010-970) (2 rhK 1-24)

rt[ypd; kuzj;jpw;F gpd; jhtPJ a{jhtpy; muruhf;fg;gl;lhh;.  Mdhy; rt[ypd; jsgjp mg;ndh; ,!;nghnrj;ij ,!;unayhpd; muruhf;fpdhh;.  ,!;nghnrj; rt[ypd; xU kfd;. ,jdhy; a{jh/ ,!;unayhpilna mof;fo cs;ehl;L nghh; Vw;gl;lJ..  rt[ypd; tPl;lhUf;Fk;/ jhtPjpd; tPl;lhUf;Fk; ,ilna ,e;j nghh; Vw;gl;lJ.  xU fl;lk; jhtPjpd; jsgjp nahthghy; je;jpukhf mg;ndh; bfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.  ,!;nghnrj;Jk; bfhiy bra;ag;gl;lhh;.  ,jdhy; jhtPJ a{jht[ld; ,ize;j ,!;unay; muruhdhh;.  jhtPJ bgyp!;jpah; kPJ bgUk; btw;wp bgw;whh;.  gpd;g[ cld;gof;ifg; ngiH vUrnyk; te;jJ.  jhtPJ gyg;nghh;fs; bra;J ehl;il tphpthf;fpdhh;.  ,jdhy; jhtPJ KG ,!;unay; ehl;ila[k; Mz;lhh;.  rt[Yk; ,!;unaiy 40 Mz;L Mz;lhh;. mJnghy; jhtPJk; 40 Mz;L mjid Mz;lhh;. jhtPjpd; Ml;rp fhyj;jpy;/ ,!;unty; kpf gyk; bghUe;jpa ehlhdJ.

3. rhynkhd; murh; (fp.K. 970 -930) (1 ,uh$h. 1-11)

jhtPJf;F gpd; muruhd mtuJ kfd; rhynkhd; Qhdj;jpw;fhf njtdplk; kd;whodhh;.  flt[s; mtUf;F Qhdk; ey;fpdhh;.  Mrhpg;g[ Tlhuj;jpw;F gjpyhf/ rhynkhd; vUrnykpy; Myak; fl;Ltjw;F Vw;ghL bra;jhh;.  njtd; mUspa tpjpf;nfw;g Myak; fl;lg;gl;lJ.  mt;thnw muz;kida[k; mHfha; fl;lg;gl;lJ.  cld;gof;if ngiH Myaj;Jf;F bfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.  ,U fw;gyiffisj; jtpu ntbwhd;Wk; ngiHf;Fs; ,y;iy.  vUrnyk; Mya ePsk; 60 KHk;/ mjd; mfyk; 20 KHk;/ Myaj;jpd;; cauk; 30 KHk; vd;gd tpjp. rhynkhd; 40 Mz;Lfs; ,!;untiy Ml;rp g[hpe;jhh;. rhynkhdpd; Ml;rpfhyk; ,!;untypd; “bghw;fhyk;” vdg;gLk;.

VIII. ,!;untypd; xd;wpa nguuR ,U njrq;fshf ciljy;

1. ,!;unty; – nfhj;jpuq;fs; gj;J (tlf;F njrk;)

rhynkhdpd; ,wg;g[f;Fg;gpd; xd;wpa ,!;unay; ehL ,uz;lhfg; gphpe;jJ. rhynkhdpd; kfd; bunfhbgahk; mjpf thp tpjpj;jhh;. vdnt 10 nfhj;jpuj;jhh; fyfk; bra;jdh;. vdnt ,!;unay; njrk; tlehL/ bjd;ehL vdg; gphpe;jd.  ,!;unaypd; gj;J nfhj;jpuq;fs; nrh;e;j gFjp tlehL (,!;unty;) vdt[k;/ ,uz;L nfhj;jpuq;fs; nrh;e;j bjd;gFjp a{jh ehL (bjd;ehL) vdt[k; gphpe;jd. tlehl;oy; +gd;/ rpkpnahd;/ jhz;/ eg;jyp. fhj;/ Mnrh;/ ,rf;fhh;/ brg[nyhd;/ kdhnr/ vg;gpuhaPk; Kjypa 10 nfhj;jpuq;fs; thH;e;jd. tlehl;od; jiyefh; bgj;njy;. gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,J rkhhpah vdg;gl;lJ.   

2. a{jh njrk; – nfhj;jpuq;fs; ,uz;L (bjw;F njrk;)

rhynkhd; kuzj;Jf;F gpd; mtuJ kfd;  a{jhtpy; Ml;rp bra;jhh;.  mth; bgah; bunfhbgahk; vd;gJ.  mth; muruhFk; nghJ taJ 40.  bjd;ehl;od; jiyefh; vUrnyk;.  bjd;ehl;oy; 2 nfhj;jpuq;fs; (a{jh/ bgd;akPd;) ,ize;jd. gpw;fhyj;jpy; nytpaUk; a{jht[ld; nrh;e;J bfhz;ldh;. ,J a{njah ehL vdt[k; miHf;fg;gl;lJ.

3. a{j njr murh;fs; kw;Wk; rk fhyj;ija tlnjr ,!;unay; uh$hf;fs;

bunfhbgahk; (fpK 930 – 913)    gphpe;j a{j ehl;od; Kjy; murd; rhynkhd; kfd; bunfhbgahk;.   bunfhbgahk; murh; MFk; nghJ taJ ehw;gj;bjhd;W.  mth; vUrnykpy; 17 Mz;Lfs; muruhz;lhh;.  ,tuJ jha; mk;nkhdpa bgz; ehkhs;.  bunfhbgahk; Mz;;lth; ghh;itapy; jPad bra;jhh;.  ehl;oy; kuj;joapy; tpf;fpuf bjhGif nkLfs; mikj;jhh;. mtuJ Ie;jhk; Mz;L Ml;rpapy; vfpg;J murh; rP#hf; vUrnyk; kPJ gil vLj;jhh;.  ,iwapy;yk; (vUrnyk; Myak;) bfhs;isaof;fg;gl;lJ.  muz;kidr; bry;tq;fSk; vLj;Jr; bry;yg;gl;ld.  bunfhbgahKf;Fg; gpd; mth; kfd; mgpahk; murh; Mdhh;. (1 uh$h 14)

a{jh murh; – mgpahk; (fpK 913 – 910)         mgpahk; a{jh ehl;od; ,uz;lhk; murd; Mdhh;.  mgpahk; 3 Mz;Lfs; vUrnykpy; Ml;rp bra;jhh;.  mtuJ jha; bgah; khfhs;. mth; mg;rnyhkpd; kfs;.  jd; je;ij nghy; vy;yhg; ghtq;fisa[k; bra;jhh;.  jk; \jhij jhtPJ nghy; flt[Sf;F ,th; fPH;goe;J gzpatpy;iy.  mgpahk; ,we;J jhtPjpd; efhpy; mlf;fk; bra;ag;gl;lhh;.  mtUf;Fg;gpd; mth; kfd; Mrh murh; Mdhh;.  (1 uh$h 15 :1-8)

a{jh murh; – Mrh (fpK 910-869)         ,!;unaypd; Kjy; murh; banuhbgahk; vd;gth;.  ,th; a{jh (jhtPJ Fyk;) Fyj;jth; my;yh;. ,!;unay; murh; banuhbgahkpd; ,Ugjhk; Mz:L Ml;rpfhyj;jpy; Mrh a{jhtpd; murh; Mdhh;.  Mrh 41 Mz;Lfs; vUrnykpy; Ml;rp bra;jhh;.  Mrh jd; \jhij jhtPJ nghy; ey;yhl;rp bra;jhh;.  mth; tpiy Mlth;fis ehl;oypUe;J mfw;wp tpl;lhh;.  a{jh ehl;oypUe;j rpiyfisa[k; mfw;wpdhh;.  ,!;unay; murh; ghrht[f;Fk; a{j murh; Mrht[f;Fk; mof;fo nghh;fs; epfH;e;jd.  Mrhtpd; ,uz;lhk; Ml;rp Mz;oy; ehjhg[ ,!;unaiy Mz;lhh;.  ehjhg[ banuhbgahkpd; kfd;.  ehjhg[ <uhz;Lfs; ,!;unaiy Mz;lhh;. (1 uh$h15 :9-24)

Mrhtpd; \d;whk; Mz;L Ml;rpapy; ,!;unay; uh$h ehjhig bfhd;W ghrh ,!;unaiy Mz;lhh;.  ghrh vd;gth; mfpahtpd; kfd;.  ghrh 24 Mz;Lfs; ,!;unaiy Mz;lhh;.  banuhbgahkpd; jPa tHpapy; ghrh ele;jhh;. ,!;unayh; ghtk; bra;af; fhuzkhdth; ,th;.  ghrht[f;F vjpuhf mdhdp kfd; baT ,iwthf;Fiuj;jhh;. (1 uh$h 16: 1-4) ghrh ,!;unayh; ghtk; bra;af; fhuzkhdh;.  a{jh murh; Mrhtpd; 26-k; Mz;oy; Vyh ,!;unty; muruhdhh;.  Vyhtpd; njh;g;gilj; jiyth; rpk;hp.  rpk;hp Vyhit muz;kidapy; itj;J btl;of; bfhd;whh;.  gpd; rpk;hp ,!;unay; murdhdhd;.  a{jh murd; Mrhtpd; 27-k; Mz;oy; ,J epfH;e;;jJ. rpk;hp ghrhtpd; FLk;gj;ij mHpj;jhd;. Mdhy; rpk;hp VG ehl;fs; kl;Lnk uh$hthf ,Ue;jhd;. gpd; Xk;hp (ck;hp) ,!;unaypd; murh; Mdhh;.  ,th; 12 Mz;Lfs; ,!;unaiy Mz;lhh;.  ck;hp rkhhpah vd;w kiyia brnkhpahplkpUe;J 80 fpnyh bts;sp bfhLj;J thq;fpdhh;.  me;j efUf;F rkhhpah vd;W bgahpl;lhh;. ,jd; gpd;g[ rkhhpah tl ,!;unty; njrj;jpd; jiyefuhdJ.  ck;hp Mz;lth; ghh;itapy; jPaijr; bra;jhd;. Xk;hp ,we;J rkhhpahtpy; mlf;fk; bra;ag;gl;lhd;.  

ck;hpf;Fg;gpd; mth; kfd; Mfhg[ (Mfhg;) murh; Mdhh;.  a{jh murh; Mrh Ml;rpapd; 38 –Mk; Mz;oy; Mfhg[ Ml;rp Vw;whh;.  Mfhg; ,!;unaiy 22 Mz;Lfs; Ml;rp bra;jhh;.  mtuJ Ml;rp flt[s; ghh;itapy; jPaJ.  Mfhg[ rPnjhd; murh; kfs; <rngiy (narngy;)kze;jhh;.  rkhhpahtpy; ghfhYf;F xU nfhtpy; fl;lg;gl;J. gpd;g[/ ghfhy; tHpghL ,!;unaypy; gutpw;W.  ,jdhy; vypah jPh;f;fUk; Mfhg[k; giftuhapdh;.  ghfhy; jPh;f;fUk; vypaht[k; gypapl;l nghJ njtd; vypahtpd; gypia Vw;whh;. mf;fhyj;jpy; rPhpahtpd; kd;dh; bgdjhJ ,!;unay; kPJ gil vLj;jhd;. Mfhg; rPhpaiu btd;whd;. kPz;Lk; kW Mz;oy; rPhpah; ,!;unayiuj; jhf;fpdh;.  ,jpYk; ,!;unayh; btd;wdh;. ,jdhy; Mfhg; rPhpa murh; bgdjhj; ,UtUk; cld;gof;if bra;jdh;. cld;gof;if Vw;gl;ljhy; \d;W Mz;Lfs; nghh; ,y;yhky; ,Ue;jJ. gpd;g[ ,!;unaYf;Fk;/ rPhpaUf;Fk; ,ilna kPz;Lk; nghh; ele;jJ. Mfhg; ,e;j nghhpy; ,we;J eha;fs; mtd; ,uj;jj;ij ef;fpd. ,J xU jPh;f;fjhprd epiwntwyhFk;.

a{jh murh; – nahrghj; (fpK 872-848)  ,!;unty; murh; Mfhgpd; 4-k; Mz;L Ml;rpapy; nahrghj; a{jhtpd; murh; Mdhh;.  nahrghj; a{jh murh; Mrhtpd; kfd;.  nahrghj; murh; MFk;nghJ taJ 35.  ,th; 25 Mz;Lfs; vUrnykpy; Ml;rp bra;jhh;.  nahrghj; Mz;lth; Kd; ey;yhl;rp bra;jhh;.  nahrghj; ,we;jgpd; jhtPjpd; efhpy; mlf;fk; bra;ag;gl;lhh;.  nahrghj;jpd; gpd;g[ mth; kfd; nahuhk; mhpaiz Vwpdhh;.  nahrghj;jpd; 17-k; Mz;oy; mfrpah ,!;unaypd; muruhdhh;.  mfrpah rkhhpahtpy; ,Ue;J ,!;unaiy Mz;lhh;.  mth; Mz;lth; ghh;itapy; jPad bra;jhh;.  mth; ghfhy; tHpghl;oid Mjhpj;jhh;.  mfrpah fhyj;jpy; nkhthgpah; ,!;unaiy vjph;j;jdh;.  ,f;fhyj;jpy; ,!;unaypd; ,iwthf;fpdh; vypah. (1 uh$h 22 :41-53;  2 uh$h 1:1- 2:27)

a{jh murh; – nahuhk; (fpK 848 – 841) nahrghj;jpd; kfd; nahuhk; a{jh muruhdhh;. (2 uh$h 8:16-24) nahuhk; 32 k; tajpy; murdhfp 8 Mz;Lfs; Ml;rp g[hpe;jhh;. mtd; Mfhgpd; kfis kze;jhh;.  Mz;lth; ghh;itapy; jPad bra;jhh; nahuhk;.  MdhYk; Mz;lth; a{jhit jhtPJf;F bfhLj;j thf;fpdhy; clnd mHpf;ftpy;iy.  nahuhk; fhyj;jpy; Vnjhkpah; a{jht[f;F vjpuhf fpsh;r;rp bra;J jq;fSf;F xU uh$hit Vw;gLj;jpdh;. nahuhKf;Fg; gpd; mth; kfd; mfrpah a{jhtpd; muruhdhh;.

a{jh murd; – mfrpah (fpK 841) a{j murh; mfrpah/ nahuhkpd; kfd;.  mfrpah muruhFk; nghJ taJ 22.  ,th; Xuhz;L fhyk; vUrnykpy; Ml;rp bra;jhh;. (2 uh$h 8:25- 9:29)  ,tuJ jha; ,!;unay; murh; Xk;hpapd; Fkhuj;jp mj;jhypahs;.  mfrpah Mz;lth; ghh;itapy; jPad bra;jhh;.  ,th; rPhpahtpd; murh; mrhnfYld; nghhpl;lhh;.  vyprh fhyj;jpy; baT ,!;unay; muruhdhh;.  baT/ a{jh murh; mfrpahit bfhiy bra;jhh;.  mJnghy <rngYk; baTthy; bfhiy bra;ag;gl;lhh;.  ,!;unty; murh; Mfhgpd; tHpkugpdh;fSk; baTthy; bfhiya[z;ldh;.  baT/ mfrpahtpd; cwtpdiu mHpj;jhh;.  ghfhiy tHpgl;nlhh; midtiua[k; baT bfhd;whh;.  baT ,!;unay; ehl;L ghfhy; tHpghl;il xHpj;jhh;.  Mdhy; bgj;njy;/ jhz; Kjypa ,lq;fspy; ele;J te;j bghw;fd;W tHpghL xHpatpy;iy.  baT rkhhpahtpy; ,Ue;J 28 Mz;Lfs; tl ,!;untiy Ml;rp g[hpe;jhh;.  baTt[f;Fg; gpd; mth; g[jy;td; nahtfhR ,!;unay; muruhdhh;. 

a{jhtpd; murp – mj;jhypahs; (2 uh$h. 11: 1-16) (fpK 841 – 835)  mfrpahtpd; jha; mj;jhypahs;.  mj;jhypahs; jd;kfd; ,we;J tpl;lij mwpe;jhh;.  ,ts; a{jhit MW tU#k; Mz;lhs;. mth; fpsh;e;bjGe;J muR FLk;gj;ij mHpj;jhh;.  Mdhy; mfrpahtpd; kfd; nahthR(nahth!;) jg;gpdhh;.  nahthR nahnrghSld; vUrnyk; Myaj;jpy; kiwe;jpUe;jhh;.  me;ehl;fspy; mj;jhypah a{jh ehl;il Ml;rp bra;jhh;.  gpd;g[ nahthR a{jhtpd; muruhf Mrhhpadhfpa naha;jhthy; mUs;bghHpt[ bra;ag;gl;lhh;. 

a{jh murh; – nahthR (2 uh$h 11 :17 -12:21) (fpK 835 -796)          baT Ml;rpnaw;w VHhk; Mz;oy; nahthR a{j muruhdhh;.  nahthR 40 Mz;Lfs; vUrnykpy; Ml;rp bra;jhh;.  nahthR flt[s; Kd; ey;yhl;rp bra;jhh;.  Mdhy; Myak; gGJ ghh;f;fgltpy;iy.  mJnghy me;epa bjhGif nkLfs; a{j gFjpfspypUe;J mfw;wgltpy;iy.  rPhpah murh; mrhnty; vUrnyk; kPJ gil vLj;jhh;. Vuhskhd bghd;id bfhLj;jgoahy; rPhpah murh; vUrnyik jhf;fhky; jpUk;gp brd;whh;. nahthRf;Fg;gpd; mth; kfd; mkj;rpah murh; Mdhh;. me;ehl;fspy; baTtpd; kfd; nahtfhR ,!;unaiy Mz;lhh;.  mth; rkhhpahtpy; ,Ue;J 17 Mz;Lfs; Ml;rp bra;jhh;.  ,th; banuhbahkpd; ght tHpapy; ele;jhh;.  a{jh murh; nahthR fhyj;jth; vyprh jPh;f;fh;.  ,f;fhyj;jpy; ,!;unaYf;Fk; rPhpaht[f;Fk;  nghh; epfH;e;jJ. ,e;j a[j;jq;fspy; \d;W Kiw ,!;untyh; btd;wdh;. (2 uh$h. 13)

a{jh murh; – mkj;rpah (2 uh$h 14 :1-22)      (fpK 796 – 767)     a{jh murh; nahthrpd; g[jy;th; mkj;rpah.  ,th; muruhFk; nghJ taJ ,Ugj;ije;J.  mth; vUrnykpypUe;J 29 Mz;Lfs; Ml;rp g[hpe;jhh;.  mkj;rpah Mz;lth; ghh;itapy; neh;ikaha; ele;jhh;.  jd; je;ij nahthR bra;jgo ,tUk; bra;jhh;.  Mdhy; bjhGif nkLfspy; gypapl;L J}gk; fhl;lg;gl;lJ.  ,th; jd;je;ijia bfhd;w mYtyiuf; bfhd;W nghl;lhh;.  mkj;rpahtpd; 15-k; Ml;rpahz;oy; banuhgthk; ,!;unay; muruhdhh;.  ,th; ,uz;lhk; banuhgthk; Mthh;.  ,th; a{jht[f;F chpikahd jk!;F/ Mkhj; Mfpa efh;fis ,!;unaYld; ,izj;jhh;.  banuhgthKf;Fg; gpd; mth; kfd; rfhpah ,!;unay; muruhdhh;.

a{jh murh; – mrhpah (2 uh$h 15 :1-7) (fpK 792 -740)      mkj;rpaht[f;F gpd; a{jh kf;fs; mrhpahit muruhf;fpdh;.  mrhpah muruhFk; nghJ taJ gjpdhW. ,th; vUrnykpy; 52 Mz;Lfs; Ml;rp bra;jhh;.  ,tuJ jha; vUrnyik rhh;e;j vf;bfhypahs;. mrhpah murh; crpah vd;Dk; kW bgaUk; bgw;wpUe;jhh;. crpah fhyj;jpy; Vrhah jPh;f;fjhprpahdhh;. mrhpah jd; je;ijiag; nghy; neh;ikaha; ele;jhh;. MdhYk; mrhpah tpf;fpuf bjhGif nkLfis mHpf;ftpy;iy.  kf;fs;  mjpy; gypapl;L J}gk; fhl;o te;jdh;.  mth; bjhGnehahspaha; ,we;jhh;.  murh; kfd; nahjhk; gpd; muruhdhh;.  ,th; fhyj;jpy; rfhpah rkhhpahtpYk; Ml;rp bra;jhh;.  rfhpah Mz;lth; ghh;itapy; jPad bra;jhh;.  rfhpaht[f;Fg; gpd; ry;Y}k; muruhdhh;.  ,th; rkhhpahtpy; xU khjk; Ml;rp bra;jhh;.  mjd;gpd; fhjpapd; kfd; bkdnfk; ,!;unaypd; muruhdhh;.  ,th; fhyj;jpy; mrPhpa murh; g{y; ,!;unay; tl njrk; kPJ gil vLj;jhh;. g{y; murUf;F fg;gk; fl;o uh$;aj;ij jf;f itj;J bfhz;lhh; ,!;untypy; uh$h kdhnfk; (2 uh$h.15: 14-22). kdhnfk; 10 Mz;Lfs; rkhhpahtpy; Ml;rp bra;jhh;. gpd;g[ mth; kfd; bgf;fpah ,!;unay; muruhdhh;. ,!;unay; murh; bgf;ffpah mrhpahtpd; 50-k; Mz;oy; ,!;untypy; muruhdhh;. bgf;fpah flt[s; ghh;itapy; jPait bra;jhh;. 

a{jh murh; – nahjhk; (2 uh$h 15:7-38) (fpK 750 – 735)    nahjhk; a{jhtpd; mrhpah (crpah) murhpd; kfd;.  ,th;/ ,!;unay; murh; bgf;fhtpd; ,uz;lhk; Mz;oy; a{jhtpd; muruhdhh;.  nahjhk; muruhFk; nghJ mtUf;F taJ 25.  ,th; vUrnyik 16 Mz;Lfs; Ml;rp bra;jhh;.  ,tuJ jha; rhnjhf;fpd; kfs;  vUrhs; vd;gth;.  nahjhk; Mz;lth; Kd; neh;ikaha; ele;jhh;.  mth; je;ij mrhpah nghy; midj;ija[k; bra;jhh;.  Mdhy; bjhGif nkLfis mth; mHpf;ftpy;iy.  ,th; vUrnyk; nfhtpy; cah;thapiy fl;odhh;.  mtUf;Fg; gpd;dh; mth; kfd; MfhR muruhdhh;.

a{jh murh;  – MfhR (2 uh$h 16 1-20) (fpK 735 – 715)      bgf;fh Ml;rpapd; 17-k; Mz;oy; MfhR (Mfh!;) a{jhtpd; murh; Mdhh;.  MfhR murh; MdnghJ mtUf;F taJ 20.  mth; vUrnykpy; 16 Mz;Lfs; Ml;rp bra;jhh;.  mth; jhtPijg;nghy; Mz;lth; Kd; neh;ikaha; elf;ftpy;iy.  jd; kfid jPapypl;L vhpg;gyp Mf;fpdhd;.  kuj;jofspy; gypap;l;L tHpghL bra;jhd;. ,thpd; Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; rPhpah murh; nul;rPDk;/ ,!;unay; murh; bgf;fht[k; vUrnyk; kPJ Kw;Wifapl;ldh;.  Mdhy;/ mth;fshy; MfhR njhw;fof;fgltpy;iy.  gpd;g[ rPhpah; Vyhj;jpypUe;J a{jiu Juj;jp/ mij ifg;gw;wpdh;. vdnt MfhR/ mrPhpa murh; jpf;yj;jpd; (jpfpyhj; gpnyrh;) cjtpia ehodhh;. vdnt mrPhpa uh$h jk!;F (rPhpah) kPJ gil vLj;J rPhpa murh; nuj;rPid bfhd;W nghl;lhh;.

a{j murh; Mfh!; Ml;rp 12 Mz;Lfs; Md nghJ/ Vyhtpd; Fkhud; xbrah ,!;unty; uh$hthdhh;. ,thpd; Ml;rpapd; nghJ mrPhpa murh; ry;kndrh; rkhhpahit \d;W Mz;Lfs; Kw;Wifapl;lhh;. ,t;thW mrPhpa murh; ry;kndrh; ,!;unay; kPJ gil vLj;jhh;.  ,jdhy; rkhhpah mrPhpah; Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;Ltpl;lJ. Vuhsk; ,!;unayh; mrPhpaht[f;F ehL flj;jg;gl;ldh;.  ehL flj;jg;gl;l ,!;unayh; mrPhpahtpd; fpuhkq;fspy; Foakh;j;jgl;ldh;. gjpyhf mrPhpah; rkhhpahtpy; Foakh;j;jgl;ldh;.  ,jdhy; rkhhpah; mrPhpah; ,ilna ,d fyg;g[ Vw;gl;lJ.  ,df;fyg;g[ Vw;gl;L ,!;unay; gz;ghL mHpt[w;wJ. rkhhpah mrPhpaUf;F chpikahf;fg;gl;lJ.  ,!;untypy; mrPhpa tHpghl;LKiw mwpKfkhapw;W.  gps;isfis vhpgypapl;L bkyhf;if tHpgl;ldh;.  fpK 722 Mz;oy; tl ,!;unty; Ml;rp Xbrah uh$htpd; xd;gJ Mz;L Ml;rpa[ld; Kot[f;F te;jJ. ,jd; gpd;g[ tl ehL vd xU ,!;unty; gFjp ,Uf;ftpy;iy.

a{jh murh; – vnrf;fpah (2 uh$h 18 :1- 20:21) (fpK 715 -686)     Mfhrpd; kfd; vnrf;fpah a{jhtpd; murh; Mdhh;.  mth; muruhFk;nghJ mth; taJ 25.  vnrf;fpah vUrnykpy; 29 Mz;Lfs; Ml;rp bra;jhh;.  rfhpahtpd; kfs; Mgp vd;gth; mtuJ jha;.  vnrf;fpah jhtPijg;nghy; Mz;lth; Kd; neh;ikaha; ele;jhh;.  vnrf;fpah tpf;fpuf bjhGif nkLfis mHpj;jhh;.  mJnghy tpf;fpuf Muhjidf;fhd eLfw;fis mth; jfh;j;bjwpe;jhh;.  nkhnrahy; bra;ag;gl;l btz;fyg; ghk;g[r; rpiyia cilj;bjwpe;jhh;. Vbddpy; md;W tiu ,!;unayh; me;j btz;fy ghk;g[f;F J}gq;fhl;odh;.  vnrf;fpah/ njtd; nkhnr \yk; ,l;lf; fl;lisfis gpd;gw;wpdh;.  vnrf;fpahtpd; 4k; Ml;rp Mz;oy; mrPhpa murh; ry;kndrh; rkhhpahit (tlnjrk; – ,!;unty;) Kw;Wifapl;lhh;.  rkhhpahit mrPhpah; ifg;gw;wpdh;.  ,!;unayh; mrPhpaht[f;F ehL flj;jg;gl;ldh;.  ,jdhy; rkhhpahtpy; tl njr ,!;untypd; (10 nfhj;jpuk;) Ml;rp Kot[f;F te;jJ. (Mz;L 722 fpK) gpd;g[ mrPhpauhy; vUrnyKk; Kw;Wifaplg;gl;lJ.  vnrf;fpah vUrnyk; Mya jq;fj;ij vLj;J mrPhpa murh; rdbfhpg;g[f;F bfhLj;jhh;.  vnrf;fpah murh; fhyj;jth; Vrhah jPh;f;fh;.  Vrhah ,iwthf;fpdh; a{jhtpy; ,iwthf;F mspj;jhh;.  vnrf;fpaht[f;Fg;gpd; kdhnr muruhdhh;.

a{jh murh; – kdhnr (2 uh$h 21 :1-18) (fpK 697 – 642)      vnrf;fpah murhpd; g[jy;th; kdhnr.  kdhnr muruhFk; nghJ mtUf;F taJ 12.  mth;  55 Mz;Lfs; vUrnykpy; Ml;rp bra;jhh;.  ,tuJ jha; vg;rpghs; vd;gth;.  kdhnr Mz;lth; Kd; jPaij bra;jhh;.  je;ij cilj;j bjhGif nkilfis kPz;Lk; fl;odhh;.  ghfhYf;F gypgPlq;fisf; fl;odhh;.  thdg; gilfis tzq;fp tHpgl;lhh;.  vUrnyk; ,iwapy;yj;jpd; (Myak;) Kd; thdg;gilfSf;F gypgPlq;fs; fl;odhd;.  jd; kfida[k; vhpg;gypahf gypapl;lhd;.  Fwpnfl;ly;/ rFdk; ghh;j;jy; Mfpait kPJ ek;gpf;if bfhz;lhd;.  rpiy tHpghL Mjhpf;fg;gl;L a{jhtpy; tHpglg;gl;lJ.  kdhnrf;Fg;gpd; mth; kfd; Mnkhd; muruhdhh;. 

a{jh murd; – Mnkhd; (2 uh$h 21:19-26)       (fpK 642 – 640)Mnkhd; murdhd nghJ taJ ,Ugj;jpuz;L.  mth; <uhz;Lfs; vUrnykpy; Ml;rp g[hpe;jhh;.  ,tuJ jha; bgah; bkRy;ynkj;J vd;gJ.  ,th; kdhnr nghy jPaitfisr; bra;jhh;.  jd; je;ij kdhnr tHpapy; ,th; brd;whh;.  jd; je;ij tHpgl;l rpiyfis ,th; tHpgl;lhh;.  Mnkhd; Mz;lthpd; tHpapy; elf;ftpy;iy.  Mnkhd; muR mYtyh;fshy; bfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.  Mdhy; kf;fs; Mnkhd; muriu bfhd;wth;fis bfhd;wdh;.  gpd;g[ a{j kf;fs; Mnkhdpd; kfd; nahrpahit murdhf;fpdh;.

a{jhtpd; murh; – nahrpah (2 uh$h 22:1- 23: 30)    (fpK 640 – 609)     nahrpah muruhd nghJ mth; taJ vl;L.  mth; 31 Mz;Lfs; vUrnykpy; Ml;rp bra;jhh;.  ,tuJ jha; mjhahtpd; kfs; vjpjhs; vd;gJ.  nahrpah flt[s; Kd; neh;ika[ld; ele;jhh;.  mth; je;ij jhtPJ tHpapy;/ tyk;/ ,lk; gpwHhJ ele;jhh;.  nahrpah vUrnyk; Myaj;ij gGJghh;j;jhh;.  ,th; fhyj;jpy; nkhnrapd; rl;lE}y; gof;ff; nfl;lhh;.  mth; ntw;W bja;t tHpghl;il a{jhtpy; xHpj;jhh;.  nahrpah a{jh;fs; g!;fh tpHh bfhz;lhl a{jhtpy; Vw;ghL bra;jhh;.  nahrpahtpd; 18-k; Ml;rpahz;oy; g!;fh tpHh bfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ.  nkhnrapd; rl;lE}Yf;nfw;g vUrnykpy; Ml;rp bra;jhh;.  nahrpah ghh;nthdhy; (ghh;nthd; nenfh) bkfpnjhtpy; bfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. nahrpahtpd; mur gzpahs;fs; rlyj;ij vLj;J vUrnykpy; mlf;fk; bra;jdh;.  gpd; mtuJ kfd; nahtfhR (nahtfh!;) a{jhtpd; muruhf;fg;gl;lhh;. 

a{jh murh; – nahtfhR (2 uh$h 23: 31-34) (fpK 609)         nahtfhR murdhd nghJ taJ ,Ugj;J \d;W.  ,th; \d;W khjq;fs; kl;Lnk vUrnykpy; Ml;rp bra;jhh;.  ,tuJ jha; mKj;jhs;.  nahtfhR Mz;lth; Kd; jPad bra;jhh;.  ,Wjpapy; nahtfhR ghh;nthd; bef;nfhthy; vfpg;J rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhh;. mq;F nahtfhR khpj;jhh;. mf;fhyj;jpy; a{jh kf;fs; ghh;nthd; bef;nfht[f;F fg;gk; fl;o te;jdh;. nahtfhRf;F gpd;g[ nahrpahtpd; ,d;bdhU kfd; ghh;nthd; bef;nfhthy; a{j murdhf;fg;gl;lhh;.  mth; bgah; nahahf;fPk; (vypahf;fPk;).

a{jh murh; – nahahf;fPk;( 2 uh$h 23:35- 24:7) (fpK 609 –598)  a{j murh; nahahf;fPk; ghh;nthDf;F fg;gk; fl;odh;.  nahahf;fPkp;d; ,aw;bgah; vypahf;fPk;. (2 uh$h 23 31-34) fg;gk; fl;l nahahf;fPk; kf;fs; kPJ TLjyhf thptpjpj;jhd;.  bts;spa[k;/ bghd;Dk; fg;gkha; fl;odhd;.  nahahf;fPk; murdhdnghJ taJ ,Ugj;ije;J.  mth; gjpndhh; Mz;Lfs; vUrnykpy; murhz;lhh;.  nahahf;fPk; Mz;lth; ghh;itapy; jPabjdg;gl;lij bra;jhh;. nahahf;fPk; uh$h vnukpah jPh;f;fjhprpia mjpfk; Jd;gg;gLj;jpdhh;. (vnu. 22:18,19; 26:20-23)  nahahf;fPk; fhyj;jpy; beg[fhj;ndrh; a{jh kPJ fpK. 605-k; Mz;oy; gil vLj;jhh;.  nahahf;fPk; ,we;jgpd; mth; kfd; a{j muruhdhdhh;. a{jhtpd; 18-k; uh$hthd nahahf;fpk; jk; \jhijanuhL mlf;fk; bra;ag;gl;lhh;.

a{jh murh; – nahahf;fPd; (2 uh$h 24:8-16) (fpK 598 – 597)      mtUf;Fg;gpd; mth; kfd; nahahf;fpd; a{jhtpd; 19-k; murdhdhd;.  mth; muruhFk; nghJ taJ gjpbdl;L.  ,th; vUrnykpy; \d;W khjnk murhz;lhh;.  nahahf;fpd; jPabjdg;gl;lij bra;jhh;.  mg;nghJ neg[fj;ndrh; vUrnyk; kPJ kPz;Lk; gil vLj;jhh;.  ghgpnyhd; murh; vUrnyik Kw;Wifapl;lhh;.  vdnt a{jh murh; nahahf;fPd; ghgpnyhd; murhplk; ruzile;jhh;.  vUrnyk; Myak; cilf;fg;gl;lJ.  Mya bghUs;fs; vLj;Jr; bry;yg;gl;ld. nahahf;fPd; cl;gl a{jh;fs; ghgpnyhDf;F ehL flj;jg;gl;ldh;.  nghh; tPuh;fSk; ghgpnyhDf;F ehL flj;jg;gl;ldh;. ,r;rk;gtk; fpK.597-y; eilbgw;wJ.

a{jhtpd; murh; – rpnjf;fpah (2 uh$h 24:17-20)(fpK 597 – 586)  nahahf;fpd; rpwpa je;ij bgah; kj;jdpah.  kj;jdpah nahahf;fPDf;F gjpy; muruhdhh;.  mtuJ bgau; rpnjf;fpah vd;W khw;wg;gl;lJ.  rpnjf;fpah muruhFk; nghJ taJ 21.  mth; 11 Mz;Lfs; vUrnyik Mz;lhh;. gpd;g[ xU murpay; jtwhf (Kl;lhs; jdkhf)/ jdf;F gjtp bfhLj;j ghgpnyhd; uh$ht[f;F vjpuhf rjp jpl;lk; jPl;odhh;.  nkYk; vfpg;J njrj;Jld; Tl;lzp mikj;J ghgpnyhd; Ml;rpia vjph;j;jhh;.  Mfnt ghgpnyhd; nguurh; neg[fhj; ner;rhh;/ \d;whk; Kiw vUrnyk; kPJ gil vLj;J fpK 586-y; vUrnyik ifgw;wp vUrnyk; Myaj;ija[k;/ myq;fj;ija[k; ehrg;gLj;jpdhh;. vUrnyik ghgpnyhd; ifgw;wpa fhyk; Kjy; g[wnjrj;jth; fhyk; Muk;gkhdJ. rpnjf;fpah FUluhf;fg;gl;L/ ghgpnyhd; bfhz;L nghfg;gl;lhh;.

1. XI. vUrnykpd; tPH;r;rpa[k; – a{jhpd; ghgpnyhdpa rpiwapUg;g[k;
2. vUrnyk; tPH;jy; (fpK.586) (2 uh$h 25: 1-21)

vUrnyk; rpnjf;fpahtpd; fhyj;jpy; ghgpnyhdpauhy; Kw;Wif bra;ag;gl;lJ.  rpnjf;fpahtpd; gjpndhuhk; Mz;L bghpa gQ;rk; Vw;gl;lJ.  a{j kf;fSf;F cznt fpilf;ftpy;iy.  ghgpnyhdpah; gil vLg;ghy; rpnjf;fpahtpd; g[j;jpuh;fs; bfhy;yg;gl;ldh;.  muR Fyj;jpdh; tpyq;fplg;gl;L ghgpnyhDf;F ifjpfshf bfhz;L nghfg;gl;ldh;. vUrnyk; Myak; mHpf;fg;gl;lJ. vUrnykpy; muz;kid/ tPLfs; jPf;fpiuahfpw;W.  bghpa ,y;yq;fSk; beUg;ghy; vhpf;fg;gl;ld. vUrnykpy; vQ;rpath;fs; ViHfs; kl;Lnk.

2. a{j MSeuhf bfjypah epakpf;fgly; (2 uh$h 25: 22-30; vnu. 25: 11-13)

a{jh ghgpnyhDf;F moikg;gl;lJ. beg[fj;ndruhy;  bfjypah a{njahtpd; (vUrnykpd;) MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.  bfjypah rhg;ghdpd; kfd; mfPf;fhkpd; g[jy;td;. Ie;jhk; khjk; Kjy; VHhk; khjk; tiu bfjypah ,uz;L khjq;fs; kl;Lnk Ml;rpahsdhf ,Ue;jhd; (2 uh$h. 25: 8/25)   gpd;g[ mtd; bfhiy bra;ag;gl;lhd;. ghgpnyhdpy; rpiw bra;ag;gl;l a{j murh; nahahf;fPd; jd; tajhd fhyj;jpy; Vtpy; bkbuhjhf;F vd;Dk; ghgpnyhd; uh$hthy; tpLjiy bra;ag;gl;lhh;.  ghgpnyhd; murh;/ nahahf;fPDf;F jpdg;go bfhLj;jhh;.  ,t;thW a{jh;fs; 70 Mz;Lfs; rpiwg;gl;ldh;.  ,J vnukpahtpd; ,iwthf;F epiwntwy; MFk;.

3. a{jh;fs; ghgpnyhdpypUe;J jha;ehL(vUrnyk;) jpUk;g[jy; (fpK 538)

ghurPf murh; nfhnu!; (Cyrus – iruR) ghgpnyhid btd;whh;. ,jdhy; ghgpnyhd; ty;yuR vd;Dk; bgUikia ,He;jJ. iruR(nfhnu!;) murh; a{jh;fs; ehL jpUk;g fl;lisapl;lhh;.  iruR flt[shy; mUs; bghHpt[ bgw;whh; (Vrh. 45: 1-5) ,f;fl;lisahy; a{jh;fs; mzpazpahf jha;ehL jpUk;gpdh;.  Kjyzp brUghngnyhL vUrnyk; te;jile;jJ. (fpK 538) kPz;Lk; ,th;fs; Myaj;ij fl;o fpK 515-y; mh;g;gzpj;jdh;. ,uz;lhk; mzp v!;wh jiyikapy; te;jJ. (fpK. 458-y;) ,th; vUrnyk; Myaj;ij gGJ ghh;j;jhh; (v!;wh 1-10). \d;whk; mzp benfkpah jiyikapy; te;jJ. (fpK 444) benfkpah mg;nghJ a{jhtpd; MSeh;. ,th; vUrnykpd; kjpiy brg;gdpl;lhh;. (benf. 1-13) vUrnyk; Mya bghUs;fs; bfhz;L tug;gl;ld.  tHpghL kPz;Lk; eilbgw;wJ.  efuk; rhpbra;ag;gl;ld.  g!;fh jpUtpHh 70 Mz;LfSf;F gpd; tpkhpirahf bfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ.  v!;wh ghgpnyhdpypUe;J jpUk;gp te;j kf;fs; Kd;dpiyapy; jpUr;rl;lj;ijg; goj;jhh;.  a{jhtpy; fyg;g[j; jpUkzq;fs; epWj;jg;gl;ld.  Tlhuj;jpUtpHh kPz;Lk; bfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ.  kf;fs; kPz;Lk; flt[splk; jpUk;gpdh;. a{jh; jtph;j;j ntw;wpdj;jhh; a{j jpUkz ge;jj;jpypUe;J tpyf;fg;gl;ldh;. mth;fs; jq;fs; ,d tuyhw;wpidj; jq;fspd; gpd;dth;fs; mwpa tpUk;gpdh;.  mth;fsJ tpUg;gg;gad; vgpnua tptpypaj; bjhFg;g[.  ,j;bjhFg;g[ v!;wh benfkpah Mfpnahh; jiyikapy; epfH;e;jJ vd;gJ a{j kug[.  ,f;fhyj;jpy; jhd; giHa Vw;ghl;L g[j;jfkhd ky;fpah vGjg;gl;lJ.   

X.ghy!;jPd a{j njrj;jpy; gy;ntW Ml;rp fhyk;

1. ghy!;jPdj;jpy; fpnuf;f Ml;rp (fpK 333 – 323)

fpnuf;f nguurh; kfh myf;rhe;jh;.  ,th; fpK 331-y; ghurPfh;fis njhw;foj;jhh;. ,t;thW myf;rhe;jh; ghy!;jPdpy; fpnuf;f Ml;rpia epWtpdh;.  ,jd; \yk; vUrnyk; fpnuf;f Ml;rpapd; fPH; te;jJ. gpd;g[ jdJ 32-k; tajpy; ghgpnyhdpy; ,Uf;ifapy; myf;rhe;jh; fpK.323-y; jpObud ,sk; tajpy; khpj;jhh;.

2. ghy!;jPdpy; jhykpah; Ml;rp (323-198)

myf;rhe;jhpd; kuzj;Jf;F gpd;/ mthpd; fpnuf;f nguuir mthpd; ehd;F jsgjpfs; gq;fpl;ldh;. myf;rhe;jhpd; jsgjpfSs; xUth; jhykp.  ,th; vfpg;ij btd;whh;.  mth; tHp kugpdh; jhykpah; vdg;gl;ldh;.  jhykpah; ghy!;jPid Ml;rp bra;jhh;fs;. 

fpK 198-166 – rPhpahit btd;wth; myf;rhe;jhpd; ,d;bdhU jsgjp brY}f;fh!.; mtuJ tHpkugpdh; brY}f;fh; vdg;gl;ldh;. jhykpaUf;F gpd; brY}f;fh; ghy!;jPid Ml;rp g[hpe;jhh;.  a{j rka tHpghl;il ,th; jil bra;jhh;.  a{njahtpy; ,f;fhyj;jpy; fpnuf;f fyhr;rhuk; mwpKfkhapw;W.  ,jid gf;jpa[s;s a{jh;fs; vjph;j;J g[ul;rp bra;jdh;.

3. a{jh – kf;fngah; Ml;rp (fpK.166-63;)

a{jh guk;giuapy; njhd;wpath; m!;nkhd;.  a{jh m!;nkhdpd; Mz;kf;fs; Ith;fs;.  ,th;fs; a{jh FLk;gj;jpdh;.  ,th;fs; a{jh kf;fngah;fs; vdg;gl;ldh;.  ,th;fs; jiyikapy; a{jh;fs; brY}f;fpaUf;F vjpuhf g[ul;rp bra;jdh;.  ,th;fs; rPhpa brYf;f!; gilia btd;W vUrnyk; efiu kPz;Lk; ifgw;wp Myaj;ij J}a;ikahf;fpdh;. ,jdhy; fpK 166-63 tiu a{jh; tpLtpf;fg;gl;ldh;. brY}f;fpaiu btd;w m!;nkhdpah; ghy!;jPid Ml;rp bra;jdh;.  mf;fhyk; a{jh;fspd; tpLjiy thH;t[fhyk;.  ,J ,!unaypd; jd;dhl;rp cjak; vdyhk;.  m!;nkhdpa Ml;rpapy; a{jh vy;iy tphpthf;fg;gl;lJ.  ,f;fhyk; a{jh;fs; brHp;g;gha; thH;e;jdh;. ,e;j fhy fl;lj;jpy; jhd; a{j kj gphpt[fshd ghpnrah; kw;Wk; rJnrah; njhd;wpdh;.

4. ghy!;jPdpy; nuhkh; Ml;rp (fpK 63 – fpgp 313)

nghk;gp (Pompey) vd;gth; nuhkg; giljsgjp.  mth; vUrnyik fpK 63y; ifg;gw;wpdhh;.  ,jdhy; vUrnyk; nuhk nguurpd; Ml;rpf;F cl;gl;lJ. vUrnykpy; fyhr;rhuf; fyg;g[ Vw;gl;lJ.  nuhkuhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l murh; VnuhJ.  VnuhJ Vnjhk; (Vrh) guk;giu tHp te;jth;.  jk!;F efh; nuhkh; MSeh; Ml;rpapd; ,Ug;gplk;.  vdnt a{jh;fs; nuhkh; Ml;rpia tpUk;gtpy;iy.  tpLjiy czh;t[s;s a{jh;fs; jPtputhjpfs; vd;W miHf;fg;gl;ldh;.  a{jh ehl;L bry;tq;fis nuhkh; bfhz;L brd;wdh;.  mjidj; jLj;jpl;l a{jh;fs; tHpg;gwpah; vd;W nuhkuhy; miHf;fg;gl;ldh;.  Mdhy; mth;fs; midtUk; jPtpu ehl;Lg;gw;W cilath;fs;.  mJnghy mth;fs; jPtpu ,iwg;gw;whsh;fs;. ,!;unay; ehL/ jq;fspd; Kd;dth;fSf;F thf;fspf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gJ mth;fs; ek;gpf;if.  vdnt mof;fo nuhkiu vjph;j;J g[ul;rp bra;jdh;.  Mdhy; VnuhJ typikkpf;f xU Ml;rpah;. vdnt a{jh;fshy; btw;wp bgw ,aytpy;iy. a{jhpd; kjpg;ig bgw VnuhJ vUrnyk; nfhtpiy g[Jg;gpj;jhh;.  MdhYk; mth; a{jh;fspd; ek;gpf;ifia bgwtpy;iy.

1. ,naRtpd; gpwg;g[k; g[jpa Vw;ghl;L fhy a{njaht[k;
2. ,naRtpd; gpwg;g[ – fpK 4/5 (bghJ Mz;L)

,naR vgpnua tptpypaj;jpy; jPh;f;fjhprpfshy; brhy;yg;gl;lth;. (nahth. 5: 39) ,naR fpK 4 my;yJ 5-k; Mz;L gpwe;jhh;.  ,naRit bfhy;y njoa VnuhJ murh; fpK. 4 y; ,we;jhh;.  mtuJ Ml;rp mjpfhuk; gog;goahf Fiwe;jJ.  nuhkh; Mjpf;fk; kPz;Lk; vUrnykpy; mjpfhpj;;jJ. ,naRtpd; tpLjiyg;gzp ,uh$;aj;jpd; ew;bra;jp.  mtuJ tpLjiyg;gzpapd; bjhlf;fk; fpgp.27.  ,naR ,wg;g[/ caph;g;g[ rk;gtk; ele;j Mz;L fpgp.30 MFk;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; a{njah bjhlh;e;J nuhkh; Ml;rpapd; fPH; ,Ue;jJ. 

2. nuhkh; Ml;rpapy; vUrnyk; rpijf;fgly; (fpgp. 70)

,naR fpwp!;Jtpd; caph;j;bjGjYf;F gpd;/ bge;bjnfh!;nj ehs; Kjy; (mg; 2:40-42)/ a{jh;fspy; gyh; fpwp!;jth;fshf khwpdh;.  ,t;thW fpwp!;jth;fshd a{jh;fis/ vgpnua kj (a{jk;) a{jh;fs; Jd;gg;gLj;jpdh;.

nkYk; ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; gpyhj;J rkhhpah;fis bfhLikahf Jd;gg;gLj;jpajhy;/ rkhhpah; nuhk nguurplk; gpyhj;Jtpd; bfhLikfs; Fwpj;J Kiwapl;ldh;.  (fpgp. 36) ,jdhy; nuhk nguurh;/ gpyhj;Jit nuhKf;F jpUk;g miHj;jhh;. gpd;g[ gpyhj;Jit ft[y; (Gaul) vd;Dk; gFjpf;F ehL flj;jpdhh;.  mq;F gpyhj;J jw;bfhiy bra;J khz;lhh;. 

gpyhj;Jt[f;Fg;gpd;/ gpyhj;Jk;/ bghpa VnuhJk; Mz;l ghy!;jPd-a{nja gFjpfis bghpa Vnuhjpd; ngud; VnuhJ mfhpg;ghtpd; Ml;rpf;F nuhk nguurh; epakpj;jhh;. ,e;j VnuhJ mfhpg;gh njtdhy; jz;of;fg;gl;lhh;. (mg; 12:20-23). mfhpg;ghtpw;F gpd; gpypf;!; (mg; 24)/ bg!;J (mg; 25/26) kw;Wk; gpnshu!; (Florus) Kjypnahh; bjhlh;r;rpahf a{njahtpd; MSeh; Mf;fg;gl;lhh;fs;. ,th;fspy; gpnshu!; kpf bfhoatd;. vdnt fpgp.65-166-y; a{jh;fs; nuhk Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf fyfk; bra;jdh;. mg;nghJ rtf;fly; mUfpy; ,Ue;j krhlh nfhl;ilapypUe;j nuhk giltPuh;fis bfhd;wdh;. nkYk; vUrnyk; Mya fhty; jiytuhd vypnarh; vd;gth; brnyhj;jpah; (Zealots) vd;Dk; a{j g[ul;rp gilia mikj;J nuhk Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf g[ul;rp bra;jdh;. ,e;j g[ul;rp a{njahtpd; gpw gFjpfSf;F ntfkhf gutpaJ.

,e;j g[ul;rpia mlf;f ePnuh nguurd;/ rphpahtpy; ,Ue;j nuhk gilia jsgjp br!;oa!; (Cestius) jiyikapy; vUrnyk; mDg;gpdhd;. ,e;j gil Rkhh; 6 khjq;fs; vUrnyik Kw;Wifapl;lJ. gpd;g[ br!;oa!; jd; gilia rpwpJ ,isg;ghw mDkjpj;jhd;. ,e;j re;jh;g;gj;ij gad;gLj;jp/ a{jh;fs; vUrnyk; nfhl;ilapypUe;J btspte;J nuhk gilia jhf;fp 6000 nuhk tPuh;fis bfhd;wdh;. ,jdhy; a{jh;fSf;F nuhkh;fis vjph;f;f Koa[k; vd;Dk; Jzpt[ te;jJ. ,e;epiyapy; fpgp 68-y; nuhkpy; Vw;gl;l fytuk;/ ePnuhtpd; jw;bfhiyf;F fhuzkhdJ. nuhkpy; ,Ue;j fytuq;fis mlf;fp/ Xuhz;Lf;F gpd; bt!;ngrpad; vd;gth; nuhk nguurh; Mdhh;.    

gpd;g[ vUrnykpy; ,Ue;j fyfq;fis mlf;f nuhk nguurh; bt!;ngrpad;/ jdJ kfd; ill;l!; jiyikapy; 80/000 nuhk gil tPuu;fis mDg;gpdhh;. ill;l!;  fpgp.70-y; fyfj;ij mlf;fp/ vUrnyk; Myaj;ij ,oj;jhh;. ,jdhy; a{jh;fs; vUrnykpypUe;J Juj;jg;gl;ldh;. cyfbkq;Fk; ,th;fs; rpjwp brd;wjhy; jq;fs; ehl;ila[k; ,He;jdh;. ,t;thW vUrnyk; rpijf;fg;gl;l gpd; Rkhh; 300 Mz;Lfs; a{nja gFjpfs; nuhk nguurpd; Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;jJ. nkYk; a{jh;fs; vUrnykpypUe;J rpjwof;fgl;ljhy; fpgp 70 Kjy; a{jUf;Fk;/ fpwp!;jth;fSf;Fk; ,Ue;j beUq;fpa bjhlh;g[ ,y;yhky; nghdJ. fpgp.70-y; a{jh;fs; rpjwof;fgl;l gpd;g[ njtd; ,!;unty; njrj;jpy; jPh;f;fjhprpfis ,Jtiu vGg;gtpy;iy.        

XII. rpije;j vUrnyk; gFjpapy; gpw njr Mf;fpukpg;g[ Ml;rpfs;

1. igrhz;od; Ml;rp (fpgp. 325 -614)

fhd;!;lhz;onehgps; efiu jiyefuhf bfhz;l fpHf;F nuhk Ml;rpapd; bgah;jhd; igrhz;od; Ml;rp vdg;gLk;. igrhz;od; Ml;rpapd; nghJ a{jh;fs; vUrnyk; bry;y mDkjpf;fgltpy;iy. Mdhy; Mz;L njhWk; brg;lk;gh; 8-k; njjp vUrnyk; ,of;fg;gl;l ehspy; kl;Lk; vUrnyk; bry;y a{jh;fs; mDkjpf;fgl;ldh;. Mdhy; nuhk nguurh; fhd;!;ld;ild; fpwp!;jtdhdhh;. (fpgp. 313) ,!;unay; ehl;oy; fpwp!;jth;fs; mjpfkhapdh;.  nuhk murh; Mjhpj;j rkaq;fs; tsh;e;jd vd;gJ tuyhW. a{njahtpy; gy ,lq;fspy; fpwp!;jt nfhtpy;fs; fl;lg;gl;ld.

2. ghurPf Ml;rp (fpgp 614 – 634)

fpgp 614-y; ghurPf gil jsgjp ,uz;lhk; nfh!;nuh!;/ ghy!;jPd gFjpa[ld; vUrnyik ifgw;wpdhh;. vUrnyKf;F epthuzk; (tpLjiy) jUntd; vd mtd; Twpa goahy; a{jh; mtid tuntw;wdh;. Mdhy; me;j thf;FWjpia mtd; epiwntw;wtpy;iy. nkYk; ,td; Vuhsk; fpwp!;jt rigfis vUrnykpy; mHpj;jhd;. kPz;Lk; fpgp 629-y; igrhz;oa gil vUrnykpy; EiHe;J/ a{jh;fis Juj;jpdh;. ,jdhy; fpgp.629 Kjy; 636 tiu FHg;gkhd epiy a{njahtpy; epytpaJ.

3. muhgpah; Ml;rp (fpgp.636 – 1099])

KfkJ egp ,!;yhk; kjj;ij Muk;gpj;j gpd; mtiu ek;gpath;fs; Kfkjpah;(,!;yhkpah;) vdg;gl;ldh;. fpgp.637y; Kfkjpah; ,!;unay; ehl;il ifg;gw;wpdh;.  fhypg; Ml;rp jk!;F/ vfpg;J Mfpatw;wpy; epfH;e;jJ.  ,!;yhkpa Ml;rp ,!;unaypy; gutpaJ.  MapDk; a{jh;fs; mikjyha; thH mDkjpf;fg;gl;ldh;.  thp brYj;jpa a{jh;fs; vUrnykpy; tHpghL bra;jdh;.  fpgp. 717y; a{j bjhGif ,lq;fSf;F thpaplg;gl;lJ. nkYk; a{jh;fs; Jd;g[Wj;jg;gl;ljhy; gyh; ehl;il tpl;L Xodh;.  ,jdhy; ,!;unay; ehl;oy; a{jh; vz;zpf;if kpft[k; Fiwe;jJ.

4. rpYitg; nghh;fs; (fpgp. 1099 – 1291)

nuhk; ehL ,UE}w;whz;Lfs; nghg;g[ Mjpf;fj;Jf;Fl;gl;lJ. ,f;fhyj;jpy; KfkjpahplkpUe;J ,!;unty; vd;Dk; g[dpj ehl;il (,!;unty;) kPl;f Inuhg;gpa ehLfs; Kide;jJ.  fpgp.1099y; vUrnyk; 5 thuk; Kw;Wiff;Fl;gl;lJ.  ,k;Kw;Wifapd; nghJ vUrnykpy; fpwp!;jth;fs; my;yhjth;fs; bfhiy bra;ag;gl;ldh;.  mjid a{jh;fs; fLikaha; jLj;J epWj;jpdh;.  vdpDk; rpy Mz;Lfs; vUrnyk; nghg;g[f;Fl;gl;lJ.  Mdhy; ghy!;jPd a{jh;fs; thH;e;j gFjp KGikahf fpwp!;jt ehlhftpy;iy.

5. kk;Y}f; Ml;rp (fpgp.1291 – 1516) kk;Y}f; vdpy; moik vd bghUs;. vfpg;jpypUe;j moikfs; nrh;e;J jq;fs; v$khdh;fSf;F vjpuhf fyfk; bra;J xU gil mikj;J te;J ghy!;jPdj;ij ifgw;wpdh;. jk!;Ftpy; fpgp. 1291-y; ,e;j Ml;rp (,!;yhk; gil) Muk;gpj;jJ.  mf;nfh/ ahgh Mfpa nfhl;ilfs; mHpf;fg;gl;ld. gd;ehl;L thzpgk; mwpKfg;gLj;jgl;ld.  Mdhy; cs;ehl;L th;j;jfk; mHpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; a{jr\fk; tWikahy; tho tjq;fpaJ. twl;rpahYk;/ gQ;rj;jhYk; kf;fs; czthf g{id/ eha;/ fGij Kjypatw;iwa[k;/ rpyh; FHe;ijfisa[k; rhg;gpl;ldh;.       
6. Xl;lkhd; Ml;rp (fpgp.1517 -1917 ) mLj;j ehd;F E}w;whz;Lfs; Xl;lkhd; JUf;fpah; a{jhit Mz;ldh;. eph;thf trjpf;fhf ehL ehd;fhf gFf;fg;gl;lJ.  Xl;lkhd; JUf;fp Ml;rpapy; 1000 a{jf;FLk;gq;fs; thH;e;jd.  vUrnyk;/ vgpnuhd;/ fhrh/ fypnyah Mfpag; gFjpfspy; a{jh;fs; thH;e;J te;jdh;.  ,e;j a{jtHp kugpdh; a{jhit tpl;L btspnawtpy;iy.  fpgp. 1566 y; btspapy; ,Ue;J gy a{jh;fs; te;jdh;.  16 E}w;whz;oy; a{j vz;zpf;if 10000 MdJ.  tptrhak;/ bjhHpy; Mfpad tsh;e;jd.  fpgp. 1882y; u!;ahtpy; cs;s a{jh;fs; jha;ehL te;jdh;.  fpgp. 19 E}w;whz;oy; a{njahtpYk;/ cyfnkq;Fk; Inuhg;gpa mUs;gzp mjpfkhdJ.  g[ijbghUs; Ma;thsh;fs; gyh; vUrnyk; te;jdh;. ,jdhy; tptpypa g[tpapay; Ma;t[ tsh;r;rp bgw;wJ.  Inuhg;gpa ehLfSf;Fk; ,!;unaYf;Fk; bjhlh;g[ mjpfkhapw;W.  fpgp. 1903 y; kPz;Lk; xU Tl;lk; u#;a a{jh; jha;ehL te;jdh;.  19k; E}w;whz;oy; Inuhg;gpa tUif mjpfhpj;jJ.  fpgp. 1914y; vUrnykpy; a{jkf;fs; bjhif 85000 Mapw;W. ,e;epiyapy; fpgp. 1917y; Mq;fpy uhqtk; ,!;unayp;y; g[Fe;jJ.  b$duy; Myd;gp Mq;fpy ,uhqt jsgjpahFk;. Mq;fpnyah; gilapd; btw;wpahy; Xl;lkhd; JUf;fp a{njahtpy; Ml;rp Xa;e;jJ.
7. Mq;fpnya Ml;rp (fpgp. 1918 -1948)

Myd;gp jiyikapyhd Mq;fpy Ml;rpapy; a{jh;fs; RfkhapUe;jdh;.  fpgp. 1922y; a{jhpd; jha;ehL ghy!;jPdk; Mapw;W.  ghy!;jPdk; a{jhpd; jha;ehL vd;gJ Inuhg;gpa njrq;fshy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;lJ.  fpgp. 1919y; a{jh;fs; u#;ahtpypUe;J ghy!;jPdk; te;jdh;.  fpgp. 1924y; nghye;J ehl;L a{jh;fs; jha;ehL te;jile;jdh;.  1925 vgpnua gy;fiy fHfk; cjak; Mapw;W.  vgpnuak; Ml;rp bkhHp MdJ.  Mq;fpyk;/ mugp/ vgpnuak; vd;gd Ml;rp bkhHpfs;.  1924 – 1932 Mz;Lfspy; 60000 a{jh;fs; jha; ehL te;jdh;.  ,th;fs; Foakh;e;j ,lk; bly; mtpa;.  1933 – 1939 Mz;Lfspy; b$h;kdpapypUe;J 165000 a{jh;fs; te;jdh;.  1939 – 1945 Mz;Lfspy; ,uz;lhk; cyfg; nghh; eilbgw;wJ. ,f;fhyj;jpy; vy;yhj;JiwfspYk; a{jh;fs; tsh;e;jdh;. 

XIII. etPd ,!;unty; njrk; mikjy;

1948/ nk/ jpq;fs; 14k; ehs; ,!;unay; ehL gpwe;jJ.  ,J Vrhah jPh;f;fjhprp Twpa ,iwthf;fpd; epiwntWjyhFk;. (Vrhah. 66: 7-10)

,!;unty; tpLjiy bgw;w 1948 nk 14-k; njjp Kjy; 1973 mf;nlhgh; 6 tiuapyhd fhyj;jpy; Rkhh; 4 a[j;jq;fs; ,!;untYf;Fk;/ mug[ ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; eilbgw;wd. vy;yh a[j;jq;fspYk; ,!;unay; btw;wp bgw;W ,d;W cyf ehLfSf;F xU Kd; khjphp ehlhf rpwe;J tpsq;fp tUfpd;wJ.

Rev. Dr. S.Joel Chellathurai

Pr. H. Ravi Kumar

khzth; Ma;t[ fl;Liu

,!;unty; rhpj;jpuj;jpy; tUfpwjhd xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyk; my;yJ xU epfH;r;rp/rk;gtk; Fwpj;J tphpthf Ma;t[ bra;J jq;fs; Ma;t[ fl;Liuia Ik;gJ gf;fq;fSf;F Fiwahky; bjspthf vGjp my;yJ ilg; bra;J CALS mYtyfj;jpy; rkh;gpf;ft[k; my;yJ mDg;gt[k;.

Fwpg;g[:     jq;fs; Ma;t[ fl;Liuapy; jq;fs; bgaiua[k; gjpt[ vz;iza[k; rhpahf Fwpg;gplt[k;

gad;gl;l E}y;fs;

Good News Bible

The Open Bible

The Spirit filled Bible

Thomson Reference Bible

Facts About Israel History

Wellmington guide to the Bible

Talk Thru the Bible (Bruce Wilkinson)

Tents, Temples and Palaces (International Correspondence Institute)

,!;unty; epiwntw;wpa jPh;f;fjhprdq;fs; (ghfk; 1/2/3/4)

kWgf;fk; ghh;f;ft[k;

vUrnykpy; g[w ,dj;jth; fhyk; (Mz;Lfspd; RUf;f bjhFg;g[)

Mgpufhk;                                              2165 fpK

<rhf;F                                      

ahf;nfhg[

12 nfhj;jpuk;

vfpg;jpy; 400 Mz;Lfs;

nkhnr

nahRth

13 – epahahjpgjpfs;

rhKnty;                                     

rt[y;                                                      1050                

jhtPJ                                                     1010

rhynkhd;                                               970

bjw;F njrk; (a{jh murh;fs;)                                                         tlf;F      njrk; (,!;unay; murh;fs;)

                                    (Mz;Lfs;. fp.K)

bunfhbgahk;                 930 – 913                                                                       930 – 909                      banuhbgahk;

mgpahk;                                   913 – 910                                                                       909 – 908                      ehjhg[

Mrh                               910 – 869                                                                       908 – 886                       ghrh

nahrghj;                        872 – 848                                                                       886 – 885                       Vyh

nahuhk;                         848 – 841                                                                       885                  rpk;hp

mfrpah                          841                                                                   885 – 880                      jpg;dp

mj;jhypah                      841 – 835                                   nahnty;             885 – 874                       Xk;hp              

nahth!;              835 – 796                                                                       874 – 853                       Mfhg;              

mkj;rpah                       796 – 767                                                                       853 – 852                       mfrpah             

crpah                            792 – 740                                   Vrhah                            852 – 841                       nahuhk;            

nahjhk;                          750 – 735                                                                       841 – 814                       baT                  

Mfh!;                            735 – 715                                   kPfh                             814 – 798                       nahtfhR

vnrf;fpah                       715 – 686                                                        Mnkh!;     798 – 782                       nahth!; 

kdhnr                            697 – 642                                                        nahdh      793 – 753                       banuhbgahk;    

Mnkhd;]                        642 – 640                                   ehTk;             Xrpah      753                   rfhpah              

nahrpah                        640 – 609                                   brg;gdpah                     752                   ry;Y}k;             

nahtfh!;             609                               MgTf;                           752 – 742                       bkdnfk;            

nahahf;fPk;                   609 – 598                                   vnukpah                        742 – 740                       bgf;fpah          

nahahf;fPd;                   598 – 597                                                                       752 – 732                       bgf;fh              

rpnjf;fpah                      597 – 586                    xgjpah                          732 – 722                       Xnrah               

                                                                           jhdpnay;

   vnrf;fpnay;

brUghngy;

v!;wh                  Mfha;

benfkpah             rfhpah

                                                                           ky;fpah

,naR fpwp!;J                                                       

Rkhh; 1878 Mz;LfSf;F gpwF