,e;jpa jj;Jtk; – Xh; mwpKfk;

1. ghl Nehf;fk;
2. nghUs; tpsf;fk;

• Ntjq;fs; kw;Wk; cgepljq;fs;

1. gpuk;k #j;jpuk;
2. ,e;jpa jj;Jtg; gs;spfs;

A.ehj;jpf jj;Jt gs;spfs;

1. rhUthfk;
2. rkzk;
3. Gj;jk;
4. Mj;jpf gs;spfs;
5. epahah
6. itNr\pfk;
7. rhq;fpak;
8. Nahfk;
9. kPkhk;rk;
10. Ntjhe;jk;
11. ,e;jpa jj;Jtk; kw;Wk; jkpof kuGfs;
12. gapw;rp.

,e;jpa jj;Jtk;

1. ghl Nehf;fk;

• jj;Jtk; Fwpj;j mbg;gil Nehf;fj;ij mwpjy;
• ,e;jpa jj;Jtq;fis Fwpj;j mbg;gil mwpit ngWjy;
• ,e;jpa jj;Jt gs;spfspd; gy;NtW jj;Jt ghh;it Fwpj;j rhuhk;rj;ij fw;wwpjy;.

1. jj;Jtk; nghUs; tpsf;fk;:

gpNyh  (Philo – md;G) kw;Wk; Nrhgp (Sophy – Qhdk;) Mfpa ,U fpNuf;f nrhw;fspd; $l;Lgjk; gpNyhNrhgp (Philosophy). ,jd; rk];fpUj gjk; jj;Jtk;@ jkpo; gjk;  nka;apay;.  jj;Jtk; my;yJ nka;apay; vd;gij ‘rhpahd mwpit ngWjy;’ vdTk; tpsf;fk; nfhLf;fyhk;.

• Ntjq;fs; kw;Wk; cgepljq;fs;

Ntjfhyj;jpypUe;J ,e;jpa jj;Jtk; Muk;gkhfpwJ. ehd;F Ntjq;fs; cz;L.

1. upf; Ntjk; – ,J Kjy; Ntjk; vdg;gLfpwJ@ Vndd;why; fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpdJ. 10600 ghly;fs; cs;sd. ,f;fhyj;jpy; Mhpah;fs; rpe;J ejp gFjpapy; tho;e;Js;sdh;. ,g;ghly;fspy; mth;fspd; ehfhPfk; tpthpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nka;r;ry; ,th;fspd; Kf;fpa njhopy;. jr;R Ntiy> kz;ghz;lk; jahhpj;jy;> E}y; E}w;wy; Nghd;wit ,th;fspd; cg njhopy;fs;. hpf; Ntj fhy kf;fs; mf;fpdp kw;Wk; ,e;jpuid KOKjw; flTshf topgl;ldh;. ,J fp.K 1400-1200f;F ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; ,g;ghly;fs; ghlg;gl;bUf;fyhk;.

2. a#h; Ntjk; – gpe;ija Ntjq;fspy; Kjd;ikahdJ. fpK 1000- Mz;Lthf;fpy; ghlg;gl;bUf;fyhk;. ,J rlq;fhr;rhuq;fs; rhh;e;jit.

3. rhk Ntjk; – ,J rlq;Ffs; eilngWk;NghJ ,irg;gjw;fhd ghly;fs;. ,jpypUe;J ,e;jpa `e;J];jhdp ,ir Njhd;wpapUf;fyhk; vd fUjg;gLfpwJ.

4. mjh;tz Ntjk; – ,Wjp Ntjk; my;yJ ehd;fhk; Ntjk; vd;gh;. ,JTk; rlq;;Ffis Fwpj;j njhFg;ghFk;.

Fwpg;G : Kjy; Ntjk; fp.K 1400- thf;fpy; ghlg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd fUjg;gLfpwJ. mf;fhyj;jpy; tha;top ghuk;ghpakhf ,J ghlg;gl;bUf;fyhk;. ,jw;F Nghjpa rhd;Wfs; ,d;Dk; Njit. fhuzk;> fp.gp 14-k; E}w;whz;by; tp[a efu Nguuir Mz;l Kjyhk; `hp`uh; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j rhazhr;rhhpahh; vd;w Ntj mwpQh;> Ntjj;jpd; nghUis tpsf;fpa> ‘Ntjhh;j;j gpufhrh’ vd;Dk; E}Ny Kjy; Kjyhf vOj;J tbtpy; fpilf;Fk; Ntjq;fshFk;. MfNt Ntjk; fp.gp 6- Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; gpe;jpajhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd rpyh; fUJfpd;wdh;.

– ,tw;wpd; rhuhk;rk; cgepljk; vdg;gLk;.

,e;j ehd;F Ntjq;fs; rlq;fhr;rhuq;fs; rhh;e;jit. hpf; Ntjj;ijAk; gpw %d;W Ntjq;fisAk; tpahrh; vOjpdhh;. kfhghujKk; ,tuhy; vOjg;gl;lJ. (,e;jpa jj;Jtq;fis nghJ kf;fSf;F $Wtjw;F/Ghpaitg;gjw;F Guhz fijtbtpy; vOjg;gl;l E}y;fs; ,uhkhazk; kw;Wk; kfhghujk; MFk;)

• cgepljk; (fs;) – 200 f;F Nky; cs;s ghly;fs;. FU rp\;a ciuahliy mbg;gilahf nfhz;lit. ngUk;ghyhd cgepljq;fis vOjpath; tpahrh; vd;gJ ghuk;ghpa ek;gpf;if. Ntjq;fspd; rhuk; cgepljk;.

,e;j cgepljq;fspy; 108 – Kf;fpakhdit  (itztk; = 14@ irtk; = 14 Nahfk; – 20> rd;dpahrk; -17> rhf;jk; -9> rhkhd;ak; -24) ,tw;wpy; 18 – mjp Kf;fpakhdit.

cjh:

          fl cgepljk;> Kz;lf cgepljk;> khz;^f;a cgepljk;> ijj;jphPa cgepljk;> nfsrPjfp cgepljk;> ikj;uhazp cgepljk;> Ij;Nua cgepljk;> rhe;Njhf;a cgepljk;> g;&`jhuz;af cgepljk;> gpuk;k;gpe;J cgepljk;> ehuhaz cgepljk;> g;u\z cgepljk;> Nfd cgepljk;> <\h cgepljk;> RNtjhRtju cgepljk;> rhghy cgepljk;> MUzpf cgepljk;> ifty;a cgepljk;.        

,e;j Kf;fpa 108 cgepljq;fspy;

10 – hpf; Ntjk; rhh;e;jit

32 – fpU\;z a[Ph; Ntjk; rhh;e;jit

19 – Rf;y a[{h; Ntjk; rhh;e;jit

16 – rhk Ntjk; rhh;e;jit

31 – mjh;td Ntjk; rhh;e;jit

• ,e;j cgepljq;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; Njhd;wpa jj;Jtj;jpw;fhd Kjy; mbf;fy;iy itf;fpwJ.
• cgepljk; = cgep\j; vd;w rk];fpUj nrhy;ypd; jkpo; tbtk;. ‘cg – vd;gJ FUit mz;b gagf;jpAld; mtuJ cgNjrj;ij Nfl;gJ@ ep – vd;gJ Gj;jpapy; Vw;gLk; Iaq;fs; ePq;fp FUtpd; cgNjrj;ij cs;thq;FtJk;@ ]j; – vd;gJ mQ;Qhdk; mope;J Qhdk; ngWjy; vdTk; tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.

cgepljq;fSf;F  – tpsf;fk; mspg;Nghh; FU/up\p vdg;gLth;. 108 –cgeplj;Jf;Fk; ciu vOjpatu; cgep\j;gpuk;Nke;jpuu;.

,e;j Ntj tpsf;f gphpTfs; ,U tif.

  M];jpf gphpT (flTs; ek;gpf;ifAilait)

  eh];jpf gphpT (flTs; kWg;G Nfhl;ghL nfhz;lit)

1. Mj;jpf gs;spfs;

• jh;\h]; vdTk; ,jid $Wth;. ,jd; nghUs;> Md;khit mwptjhy; ,iwtid czh;jy;. mjhtJ Mj;jpf gs;spfs; kdpjd; jd; Md;khit mwptjd; %yk; ,iwtid mwpa KbAk; vd Nghjpf;fpd;wd (Prof.Murali)

,e;j M];jpf gs;spfs; MW gphpthf cs;sd.

1. epahah – nfsjkh; (Gj;jh; my;y)
2. itrpfk; – (itNrrpfk;) – fhehjh;
3. rhq;fpak; – fgpy; (fgpyh;)
4. Nahfh – gjQ;ryp
5. kPkhk;rk; – n[kpdp (i[kpdpd;)
6. Ntjhe;jk; – Ntj tpahrh;

nghJthf ,e;j Mj;jpf gs;spfs; Md;k kWgpwg;ig ek;Gfpd;wd.

1. eh];jpf gs;spfs;
2. rhUthfk; my;yJ NyhfhAjk; (nghUs; Kjy;thjk;/flTs; kWg;G)
3. i[dk; (rkzk;) – 24 jPh;f;fh;fs; (,U gphpTfs; : ];Ntjhk;gu – jpfk;guh)
4. Gj;jk; (,U ngUk; gphpTfs; nfhz;lJ)

• `Pdahdk;
• kfhahdk;

,tw;wpy; rkzk; kw;Wk; ngsj;jk; caphpd; kWgpwg;ig ek;Gfpd;wd. Mdhy;  ,it flTis ek;gtpy;iy.

1. gpuk;k #j;jpuk;

 ,JNt ,e;jpa jj;Jtq;fspd; Kjy; mbg;gil tpsf;f E}yhf ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. nkhj;jk; 134 #j;jpuq;fis nfhz;lJ gpuk;k #j;jpuk;.

,jid vOjpath; thjuhadh;/ ghjuhadh; my;yJ tpahrKdp (tpahrh;). ,J fp.gp.400 – 450 thf;fpy; vOjg;gl;lJ. vdpDk; Kjy; ghly; fp.K 500-y; vOjg;gl;bUf;fyhk;.

rlq;fhr;rhuq;fis tpl mwpT Kf;fpakhdJ vd;whh; ,th;. cgepljq;fspy; nrhy;yg;gl;l jj;Jt kw;Wk; Md;kPf fUj;Jfspd; njhFg;G gpuk;k #j;jpuk; MFk;.

gpuk;k #j;jpuj;Jf;F tpsf;fkspj;jth;fs; MW M];jpf gs;spfs; jUk; tpsf;fq;fis vOjpdh;.

        ,e;j tpsf;fTiufis nfhz;L kPz;Lk; GJ tpsf;fTiu vOjpdh; gyh;. ,it gh\;aq;fs; vdg;gl;ld.

1. rq;fuh;
2. uhkhD[h;
3. epk;gh;fh; (6 my;yJ 7-Mk; E}w;whz;L njYq;F gpuhkz Nahfp)
4. kj;th;
5. ty;ygh; / gy;ygh;

,th;fs; vOjpa tpsf;fTiufs; ,d;W mjpfk; gpugykhdit.

Nkf;]; Ky;yh; (Max Muller) : ,e;jpa jj;Jtk; vd;gJ mwpTf;F my;y> khwhf ,wg;Gf;Fgpd; cah;epiy mila Kaw;rpf;fpd;wd vd;whh;. ,th;jhd; ,e;jpa jj;Jt E}y;fis Kjd;Kjypy; INuhg;gpa nkhopfspy; nkhopngah;j;jth;.

1. Kf;jpailjy;:

,wg;Gf;F gpd; cs;s epiyia miltij Fwpf;Fk;. ,JNt Kf;jpapd; ,yf;F!

• gpwtp ngUq;fliy ePe;jp ,iwtdpy; Kf;jpaila ,uz;L topfs; ,e;jpa jj;Jtj;jpy; cs;sd.

1. th;zhrpukk; (th;zhrpuk jh;kk;)
2. fh;k tpid (th;z mbg;gilapy; jd; fh;kk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;)

 th;zhrpukk;  $WtJ ehd;F th;zq;fs; cs;sd.

          gpuhkzh; – jiyapypUe;J gpwe;Njhh; (me;jzh;/ghh;g;gdh;)

          rj;jphpah; – khh;gpypUe;J gpwe;Njhh; (kd;dh;/tPuh;)

          it\pah; – tapw;wpypUe;J gpwe;Njhh;(tpahghuk; nra;jy;)

          #j;jpuh; – fhypypUe;J gpwe;Njhh;.(,d;dgpw njhopy; nra;Nthh;)

Fwpg;G : “rJ th;zk; kah rpU\;lk;” – gftj;fPij (fpU\;zh;)

th;zgpwg;G mbg;gilapy; mtuth;Fhpa fh;kj;ij jtwhky; nra;jhy; Kf;jp cz;L. ,e;j gpwtpapy; ve;j vjph;ghh;g;Gk; ,y;yhky; flik my;yJ fh;k tpid nra;jhy; mLj;j gpwtp ,y;yhky; Nghfyhk; my;yJ cah; gpwtp epiy ngwyhk;. (gftj; fPij ,ij typAWj;Jk; E}y;) flik jtwp fh;ktpid nra;jhy; ,op gpwtp vLg;gh;.

Fwpg;G :- ,e;j ehd;F th;zq;fSk; tl ,e;jpah;fSf;F kl;Lk; nghUe;Jk;. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; (jpuhtpl epyg;gug;gpy;) ,U th;zq;fs; kl;LNk (gpuhkzh; kw;Wk; #j;jpuh;) cs;sdh; vd;gJ th;zhrpuk fUj;J. NkYk; ,e;j ehd;F th;zq;fSf;F fPo; gy;NtW rhjpfs;(Fbfs;) tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdh;.

fh;k tpid nra;jypd; gbepiyfis GU\hj;jh]; (GU\yl;rzk;) vd;gh;. mit  – fPo;fz;l ehd;F MFk;. (Kf;jp mila Njitahd fh;ktpid tif vdyhk;)

          mh;j;jk;  – nghUs;

          fhkk;    – ,d;gk;

          jh;kk;    –  mwk;

     Nkhl;rk;  – tPL

,e;j ehY fh;k epiyfis gbg;gbahf GU\d; miltJ tho;tpd; ,yl;rpakhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;Fk; tho;tpd; ehd;F epiyfs;/gUtq;fs; cz;L.

• Foe;ij gUtk;
• ,sikg; gUtk;
• ,y;ywk; gUtk;
• Jwtwk; gUtk;

,tw;wpy; ,e;jpa gs;spfspy; NyhfhAjj;ij (rhUthfk;) jtpu midj;J Mj;jpf> ehj;jpf gs;spfSk; Jwit typAWj;Jfpd;wd. ,tw;wpy; Mj;jpf gs;spfs; ,e;j ehd;F epiyfisAk;> kdpjd; gbg;gbahf me;je;j taJf;F Vw;g mila Ntz;Lk; vd typAWj;Jfpd;wd. mjhtJ jpUkzk; nra;J FLk;gk; elj;jp> tho;tpd; ,Wjp gFjpapy; Jwtwk; nry;y mwpTWj;Jfpd;wd.

          Mdhy; ehj;jpf gs;spfshd rkzk;> Gj;jk; Mfpait Jwtwj;ij gbg;gbahf milahky;> Jwtwj;ij xUtd; xNu ehspy; mtd;/mts; tpUk;gpdhy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;syhk; vd;fpd;wd. jpUkzk; mjhtJ ,y;yw epiy milahky; Jwtwk; nra;ayhk; vd;fpd;wd. (cjh: Gj;jh; cldbahf JwT vLj;jhh;)

1. mwpit ngWjy; (Gyd;fs; %yk; milAk; mwpT)

          mwpit ngw ,e;j Mj;jpf gs;spfs; (6) kw;Wk; ehj;jpf gs;spfs; (3) jq;fs; tpsf;fq;fis gy;NtW tiffspy; nfhLf;fpd;wdh;.

1. ,e;jpa jj;Jt gs;spfspd; jj;Jt ghh;it
2. ehj;jpf jj;Jt gs;spfs;

,e;jpa jj;Jtq;fspy; %d;W tif ehj;jpf gs;spfs; cs;sd.

1.rhUthfk;(Charvaka) my;yJ NyhfhAjk;

          gpd;dzp: FUNrj;jpu Nghhpy; nfsuth;fis mopj;;Jtpl;L> gQ;rghz;lth;fs; ntw;wpAld; tUk;NghJ> rhJthfdh; (rhUthfdh;)> jh;kGj;jpu;fsplk; xU Nfs;tp Nfl;lhh;. mjhtJ> cd; nrhe;j rNfhju;fis nfhd;wJ epahakh> ,J mjh;kk; my;yth? ,ij fz;L mq;fpUe;j jh;kGj;jpuh;fSk;> gpuhkzh;fSk>; mth;fis Mjhpj;J tuNtw;f te;jth;fSk; mjph;r;rpaile;jdh;@ Nfhgkile;jdh;. jh;kGj;jpuhpd; Mjutsh;fs; gyh; Nrh;e;J rhUthfdiu jhf;fp vhpj;J nfhd;wdh;. (Njtp gpurhj; rl;Nlhghj;ahah) rhJthfdhpd; rpj;jhe;jk; vd;gJ mbg;gilapy; mwk;> kw;Wk; nghUs; Kjy; thjk; rhh;e;jJ.

          Md;kPf thjpfs; ,e;j rhUthfdh;fis> uhl;rrh; my;yJ mRuh; vd gopj;jdh;. Ntj fUj;Jfis kWj;j rhUthfdh;fis nfhy;y Ntz;Lk;  vd Ntj kugpdh; fUjpdh;. rhUthfd jj;Jt E}y;fis gpuf];gjp vOjpdhh;. rhUthfdh;fspd; mbg;gil E}y; gpuf];gjp #j;jpuq;fs;.

cyfNjhw;wk;: cyfk; cUthdJ vd rhUthfdh; ek;Gfpd;wdh;. ntw;wpiy> ghf;F> Rz;zhk;G NrUk;NghJ rptg;G epwk; cUthtJ Nghy;> gy;NtW $l;L nghUs;fshy; cyfk; cUthfp> cly; cUthfp> caph; kw;Wk; czh;T cUthfpwJ vd;wdh; rhUthfdh;. (Mdhy; cyfk; cUthf Njitahd %yk; kw;Wk; $l;LnghUl;fs; vg;gb Kjypy; cUthdJ vd;gjw;F rhUthfdhplk; njspthd gjpypy;iy).

          cyfk; khia ,y;iy. cyfk; flTshy; ntspapypUe;J cUthf;fg;gltpy;iy. cd; gpur;ridfSf;F ePNa fhuzk; (jPJk; ed;Wk; gpwh; ju thuh) vd;wdh;. ,th;fspd; gy jj;Jt E}y;fs; mopf;fg;gl;Ltpl;ld. kj;thr;rhhpah; vOjpa “rh;t jh;rz rq;ufh” vd;w jdJ E}y;fspy; rhUthdfh; fUj;Jfis Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;b vOjpAs;shh;. Mdhy; me;j  Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;lg;gl;l E}y;fs; ,d;W ekf;F fpilf;fhky; mopf;fg;gl;Ltpl;ld.

mwpit mwpAk; topfs; Ie;J cs;sd vd;gJ nghJthd Mjp ,e;jpa jj;Jtk;.

mit :

1. gpuj;jpaf;rh (Sensory Experience/ Perception) Gyd;fshy; mwpag;gLtJ.
2. mDkhdk; (Inference)
3. cgkhdk; (Comparison)
4. mh;j;jgjp (Deriving the meaning from circumstances)
5. mDg;ygjp (Proof from absence. Ex: Lack of gunpowder in suspect’s hand)

• ,itfs; mwpit mwpAk; topfs;. Mdhy; rhUthfdh; ,jpy; gpujpaf;rh vd;gjd; %yk; kl;LNk mwpit mwpa/ mila KbAk; vd jplkhf fUjpdh;. mwpit Gyd; Fwpg;ghf ‘ghh;it’ %yk; kl;LNk mwpa KbAk; vd;wdh;. mDkhdj;ij Kw;wpYk; rhUthfdh; epuhfhpj;jdh;. mij ek;gj; jUe;j xd;whf fUjKbahJ vd;wdh;.
• gQ;rG+jk;> epyk;> ePh;> fhw;W> Mfhak;> jP vd Ie;J. Mdhy; ,jpy; ehd;F kl;LNk rhUthfdh; ek;gpdh;.   Mfhak; ,y;iy (No Ether or Ethereal) epyk;> ePH;> fhw;W> neUg;G Mfpa ehd;fhy; cyfk; cUthfp cs;sJ vd;wdh;.
• Md;kh ,y;iy vd;wdh;. clYf;F Kf;fpak; nfhLj;jdh;. Grp> Fb> mDgtp vd;w Nfhl;ghl;by; clYf;F Kd;Dhpik nfhLj;jdh;. MfNt ,e;j clYf;F mjpf khpahij nra;jdh;. kuzpj;j gpd;G cliy khiy mzptpj;J> ehl;baj;Jld; mlf;fk; nra;th;. Md;kh kl;Lky;y gprhR vd xd;W ,y;iy vd;whh; rhUthfh;.
• clYk; Md;khTk; xd;Wjhd;> cly; cWg;Gfs; ,ize;J kdrhl;rp czh;it (caph;) cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd vd;whh; rhUthfdh;.(mjhtJ cly; vd;gJjhd; Mj;kh)

2.rkzk; /i[dk; (Jainism)

rkzj;jpd; Njhw;wk; fhyk; Fwpj;j gy njsptw;w fUj;Jfs; cs;sd. ,Ugj;J ehd;F jPh;j;jq;fh;fspy; up\ghde;jh Kjy; jPh;j;jq;fuuhf fUjg;gLfpwhh;. Ntjq;fs; vOjg;gl;ljw;Fk; ntF fhyk; Kd;Ng rkzk; ,Ue;jjhf rh;Ntgs;sp uhjhfpU\;zd; (Kd;dhs; ,e;jpa [dhjpgjp) $wpdhh;. Mdhy; gy mwpQh;fs; Kjy; 22 jPh;jq;fuh;fSk; fl;L fij (Myth) vd;Wk;> 23-k; jPh;j;jq;fuuhd gh;\;thde;jh kw;Wk; 24- tJ jPh;j;jq;fuuhd kfhtPu; (fp.K 599- 527) Mfpa ,Uth; kl;LNk rhpj;jpu MSikfs; vd fUJfpd;wdh;. kfhtPh; tho;e;j fhyk; Gj;jh; tho;e;j rkfhyk; MFk;. rkz kjk; jpfk;guh kw;Wk; ];tjk;guh vd ,U gphpTfs; nfhz;lJ.

  rkzh;fs; %d;W gpukhzq;fs; %yk; mwpit milayhk; vd;wdh;. mit:

1. gpujpal;;rk; (ghh;it) = fhz;gJ (Seeing)
2. mDkhdk;    = czh;jy; (Infer)
3. rhd;W E}y; = Gj;jfq;fs;. (Writings)

mwpT: ghh;it %yk; kl;Lk; mwpit milayhk; vd;w rhUthf fUj;ij rkzh; Vw;ftpy;iy. Mdhy; ,e;j %d;W gpukhzq;fs; %yk; mwpT ngw KbAk;. ,th;fs; flTs; ,y;iy vd;wdh;. gpw;fhyq;fspy; jPh;j;jq;fuh;fs; jhd; flTshf rkzh;fshy; ghh;f;fg;gl;ldh;. Ntjq;fis ,th;fs; Vw;ftpy;iy.

Md;kh kw;Wk; Kf;jp : epiwa Md;khf;fs; cz;L. (J}rpy; $l Md;kh cz;L) vy;yh capupdj;Jf;Fk; Md;kh cz;L. kdpj Md;kh rw;W tpj;jpahrkhdJ. fh;ktpid xU kdpjdpd; Md;khit czu Kbahky; jLf;fpwJ vd;wdh;. fh;ktpidg;gaid fistJ %yk; Md;khit tpLjiy mila itf;f KbAk;. FUtpd; topfhl;Ljiy filgpbj;J> xOf;fk; %yk; (Moral Values) jdJ fh;ktpidg;gadpypUe;J tpLgl;L> Md;k tpLjiyia xUth; milayhk;. fh;k tpidapypUe;J tpLgl;l Md;kh ,Wjpapy; rpj;jNyhfj;ij milAk;. (Siddhaloka)

Nkhl;rk; mila ehd;F mbg;gil Nghjidfis filg;gpbf;f Ntz;Lk;. (Four Jewels)

1. rk;af; jh;\z – Correct View (Md;kh cz;L vd ek;Gjy;)
2. rk;af; Qhdh – Correct Knowledge (mwpT Nghjidfis ek;Gjy;)
3. rk;af; rhpj;uh – Correct Conduct (XOf;fkhd tho;T)
4. rk;af; jg – Correct Asceticism (JwT tho;T %yk; tpLjiy)

,e;j ehd;ifAk; Kiwg;gb filg;gbj;jhy; ‘Nkhf;\h’ (tpLjiy) cz;L vd;gJ rkzh; ek;gpf;if.

3. Gj;jk; /ngsj;jk; (Buddism)

rkz Kdpth;fshy; ftug;gl;lhh; ,sturh; rpj;jhh;j;jh;. MfNt jd; mur gl;lj;ij Jwe;J vspa JwT tho;f;if tho Muk;gpj;jhh;. mth; $Wfpwhh; “eph;thzkhfNt nrd;Nwd;. ifia ef;fpNa czT cz;Nld;@ vdf;F vd ahuhtJ czT jahhpj;J mioj;jhy; mij ehd; jtph;j;JtpLNtd;”. gpw;fhyj;jpy; rkz Nghjidf;F gjpyhf> Gj;jh; jd; Nghjidfis $wpdhh;. ,it ehd;F J}z;fs; vdg;gl;ld. (Four Noble Truths). ,e;j Nghjidfis $wpa mth; Gj;njhsp (Illumination) ngw;wjhy; Gj;jh; (Gj;jh;) vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;. Mfhak; jtph;j;j gpw ehd;F G+jq;fis kl;Lk; ek;gpdh;.

Gj;jUf;F tho;T Fwpj;J ehY cz;ikfis njhpe;jd vd;whh;. mit.

1. typ/Jd;gk; (Dukkha) – rk;rhu gpwtp Jd;gk; epiwe;jJ.
2. Jd;gj;jpd; fhuzk; (vy;yhk; epiyahdit vd;w jtwhd vz;zk; -mwpahik- Jd;gj;jpd; %yf;fhuzk;”) gw;W/Mir
3. Jd;gj;jpd; KbT (MirNa Jd;gj;Jf;F fhuzk; vd mwpe;J gpd;G gw;W / Miria Jwj;jy; %yk; rk;rhu (cyf) fh;khtpypUe;J tpLgLjy;)
4. Jd;gj;Jf;F KbT nfhz;Ltu vl;L topfis filgpbf;f Ntz;Lk;. (Eight-fold Path)

 mepf;fthjk; (Impermanence/Momentariness) vd;w mZFKiw Gj;jhpd; fUJNfhshf ,Ue;jJ. mjhtJ vJTk; epue;jukhdJ my;y. njhlh;e;J khwpf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;. khw;wk; xd;Nw khwhjJ!

 Ntjid vd;gJ gpwg;ghy; tUfpwJ. gpwg;G Mirahy; tUfpwJ. Mirapd; Ntiu (Nth;) mwpahikapy; fhzyhk;. rhpahd mwpthy; (Miria Jwe;J) Jd;gj;jpypUe;J tpLglyhk; vd;whh; Gj;jh;.

rhpahd mwpT ngw;W Jd;gj;jpypUe;J tpLgl Gj;jk; fhl;Lk; vl;L topfs;

1. rhpahd ghh;it (Right View)
2. rhpahd jPh;khdk; (Right Intention)
3. rhpahd Ngr;R (Right speech)
4. rhpahd elj;ij (Right Action)
5. rhpahd tho;f;if (Right Livelihood)
6. rhpahd Kaw;rp (Right Effort)
7. rhpahd kNdhepiy (Right Mindfulness)
8. rhpahd Nehf;fk;/jpahdk; (Right Concentration)

Md;khTk; ,y;iy> flTSk; ,y;iy vd;whh;. Mdhy; capUf;F (tho;T) mLj;j gpwtp cz;L vd;whh;. Mdhy; eph;thzk; milatpy;iy vdpy; fh;k tpidAld; tho;T mjd; mLj;j gpwtp vLf;fpwJ. (Gj;jh; ,q;F njsptw;wtuhf cs;shh;. Md;kh ,y;iy vd;why; tho;f;if (caph;)vg;gb mLj;j gpwtp vLf;Fk;?;). rk;rhuh ,Ug;gjhy; fh;kh ,Uf;fpwJ. MfNt gpwtp Row;rpahd rk;rhu (Samsaara) rf;fuj;jpypUe;J tpLgl> fh;kh nra;jiy clystpYk;> kdjstpYk; (rpe;jid) Jwf;f Ntz;Lk;. clystpy; jPa fh;kk; nra;a $lhJ. kdjstpy; jPa rpe;jidAk; $l jPa fh;kh vd fUjg;gLtjhy; kdjpd; fh;kj;ijAk; (rpe;jid) xopf;f Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJ gpwtp Row;rpahd rk;rhuj;jpypUe;J tpLgl;L eph;thz (Nkhf;\h) epiy – mjhtJ gpwth epiy milayhk;.

,tUf;F gpwF : ehd;F Gj;j gs;spfs; cUthfpd.

1. khj;akpfh – #d;athjp (Nihilist) vy;yhk; #d;ak;
2. #j;uhe;jpfh (nrsj;jpuhe;jpfh) – cs;kdJk; Gw cyFk; cz;L (Critical realist)
3. Nahffuh – GwnghUs; cz;ikaw;wit (Subject idealist) = Mind is all (kd vz;zNk) (xU tif khahthjk; vdyhk;)
4. itgh\pfh – ,uz;Lk; cz;ikNa (Direct Realist) (Neubahf ghh;j;jy;)

 Fwpg;G: fh;khit xUthplkpUe;J gpwUf;F khw;wKbAk; vd;fpwJ Gj;jk;. xUtd; ey;y fh;khit jdJ ew;rpe;jid kw;Wk; ey;ywk; %yk; kl;Lky;y@ ey;y fh;kj;ij mtd; jd; nghUl;fis gpwUf;F Fwpg;ghf Gj;j JwtpfSf;F jhdk; nra;tJ %yk; ngwyhk;. mJ mth; eph;thz epiy (,dp gpwth epiy) mila cjTk;. NkYk; xUtd; ey;y fh;kj;ijAk; mjdhy; fpilf;Fk; rpwg;G jFjp kw;Wk; gyid jd; Kd;NdhUf;F ( Dead Ancestors) my;yJ jdJ FLk;gj;jpy; capUld; ,Uf;Fk; gpwUf;F khw;wyhk;. mJ mth;fs; eph;thzk; mila cjtyhk;.

Gj;j kjj;jpd; ,UngUk; gphpTfs;

1.kfhahdk; (eph;thzk; miljy; ,yf;F) jPngj;> irdh Nghd;w ehLfspy; cs;sJ. ehk; Jd;gj;jpypUe;J tpLjiy ngWtJ kl;Lky;y> KO Qhdk; mile;J vy;yhUk; me;j epiy (eph;thz) mila Kaw;rpj;jy; my;yJ J}z;Ljy;. (eph;thzk; vd;gJ ,dp gpwth epiy vdyhk;) ePh; Fkpop ntbg;gJ (Blowing out) mjhtJ kiwtJ Nghd;w epiy.

2.`Pdahdk; (jho;ik vd;gJ nghUs;) – ,yq;if> gh;kh

,e;j cyfpy; epk;kjpahf tho;tJjhd; `Pdahdk;. ehk; ,e;j cyfpd; Jd;gj;jpypUe;J tpLjiy mile;jhy; NghJk;;. Kjy; ehd;F topfs; (Four Noble Truths) kl;Lk; eph;thzk; mila NghJk; vd;wdh;.

Fwpg;G : vy;yh Gj;j kj gphpTfSk; ‘Gj;jk;> jUkk;> rq;fk;’ vd;w %d;W Kj;Jf;fis kjpj;J ,aq;Fk;.

B.Mj;jpf jj;Jt gs;spfs;

1. epahah (epahak;)

epahah gs;spia cUthf;fpath; nfsjkh;. (Gj;jh; my;y ,th;)mwpit miltjw;F ehd;F topfs; cs;sd vd;whh;.

1. ghh;it – Seeing
2. mDkhdk; – Infer
3. ctkhdk; – Compare
4. rg;jk;  – Verbal Testimony

Md;kh cz;L. mJ clypypUe;J khWgl;lJ. Md;kh Fzq;fs; nfhz;lJ. my;yJ mJ vLf;Fk; clYf;F Vw;g Fzq;fis Md;kh ngWfpwJ. Md;kh clypypUe;J tpLgl Ntz;Lk;> mjhtJ Jd;gj;jpypUe;J tpLjiy. (rhPuk; Jd;gKs;sJ)

mwpT : flTs; cz;L. jj;Jt tpthjk; %yk; flTis mwpayhk;. Mdhy; gilj;jy;> fhj;jy;> mopj;jy; ,tuJ gzp. flTs; QhdKs;s xU Mtp Qhdj;jhy; ePjp (Moral Order) ghpghydk; nra;gth;. Ntjq;fspy; flTs; cyif gilj;jhh; vd;w fUj;J  njspthf ,y;iy. Mdhy; epahah;fs; flTs; cyif gilj;jjhf ek;gpdh;. kdpjd; ed;whf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W flTs; gilj;jhh; vd;wdh;.

mwpit mila jj;Jtk; (jh;f;f rh];jpuk;) cjTk; vd;wdh;.

2. itNr\pfk;/itNr\pfh;fs;

fhdhjh; vd;gth; ,ij Njhw;Wtpj;jth;. VO gjhh;j;jq;fs; %yk; nghUs; cUthfpd;wd vd;wdh;.

1. jputpa –  Substance (gUg;nghUs;/cgnghUs;)
2. Fz           –  Quality (Fzk;/gz;G)
3. fh;kh           –  Action (nray;/tpid)
4. rhkhdpa      –  Generality (nghJik)
5. tpN\r –  Uniqueness (tpN\r jd;ik)
6. Rahkdpa –  Inherence (jhdhapUj;jy; – Rak;G)
7. mgft; –  Non Existence (,y;yhky; MFjy;)

,jpy; nghUl;fspd; “tpNr\ jd;ikia” ,th;fs; typAWj;Jtjhy; itNr\pfk; vd;w ngah; ngw;wdh;. Xt;nthU nghUSk; tpN\r jd;ikAs;sit. mJNt mjd; milahsk;.

• gQ;rG+jq;fs; vd;gJ epyk;> ePh;> neUg;G> fhw;W> Mfhak; Mfpa Ie;J MFk; vd;gJ nghJ fUj;J. Mdhy; ,th;fs; ,e;j Ie;Jld; NkYk; ehd;F Nrh;j;J (fhyk;> ntsp> kdk;> Md;kh) xd;gJ G+jq;fs; vd;wdh;. Mfhak;> ntsp> fhyk; ,e;j %d;iwAk; fhzKbahJ. ,it ntt;NtW epiyapy; ,aq;Fk;. jdpkdpjid nghWj;jtiu kdk;> Md;kh ntt;NtW. kdk; kl;LNk Md;khit czu (mwpa) KbAk;. Md;kh vq;Fk; epiwe;jJ.
• ,iwtd; cyif mZf;fshy; gilj;jhh;. mtdpd;wp mZTk; mirahJ. ePq;fs; vt;tpjkhf cUthfNtz;Lk; vd;gij mZf;fs; %yk; ,iwtd; jPh;khdpf;fpwhh;. fh;ktpidg;gad; mbg;gilapy; mLj;j n[d;kj;jpy; xUtdJ mZf;fs; vt;tpj &gk; vLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd ,iwtd; jPh;khdpf;fpwhh;.
• %yk; ,y;yhky; xU nghUs; cUthf KbahJ. ,e;j %yk; (Substance) Fzq;fs; nfhz;lit. vdNt %yj;Jf;F 24 Fzq;fs; tiuaiw nra;fpd;whh;. mitfs;

,e;j Fzq;fs; ,ize;J nghUs; cUthfpd;wd. ,e;j ,izT Ie;J tif ,af;fq;fshy; cUthfpd;wJ.

1. Nky; Nehf;fp nry;Yjy;
2. fPo;Nehf;fp nry;Yjy;
3. RUq;Fjy;
4. tphpjy;
5. efh;jy;

Mfpa Ie;J ,af;fq;fs; cs;sd vd;wdh;. ,J mf;fhyj;jpNyNa ,th;fs; jj;Jtj;jpy; tpQ;Qhd gjq;fis Njl Kad;wJ Nghy; njhpfpwJ.

• cyfpy; ,Uf;Fk; midj;J nghUl;fSf;Fk;> mjd; jd;ik nfhz;l xU nghpa nghUs; vq;Nfh Xhplj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwJ. xU nghUs; ,e;j cyfpy; cUthFk; NghJ vq;Nfh ,Uf;Fk; mg;nghUspd; jd;ik nfhz;l %y Kd;khjphp nghUspypUe;J xU rhuk; (Essence) te;J me;j nghUs; cyfpy; cUthFk; NghJ ,izfpwJ. cjh. xU rpq;fk; G+kpapy; ,Ug;gJ Nghy; NtW vq;Nfh xU nghpa rpq;fk; ,Uf;fpwJ. me;j nghpa rpq;fj;jpypUe;J xU rhuk; te;J nghUSld; (mZTld;) ,iztjhy; mJ rpq;fkhf (cU kw;Wk; Fzj;Jld;) gpwf;fpwJ. ,J xUtif gpshl;Nlh (Platonic) fUj;jhf;fk; MFk;.

     xUtif fUj;J Kjy; thj jj;Jtk; itNr\pfk; MFk;.

3.rhq;fpak; (vz;zpak;)

          fgpyh; (thywptd;/njhy; fgpyh;) ,jid Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;. mth; ,U NgUz;ikfis Nghjpj;jhh;. GU\h kw;Wk; gpufpUjp. ,uz;Lk; jdpj;jd;ikAs;sit. (njhy;fhg;gpak; Fwpj;J ghapuk; $Wk; Ie;jpuk; vd;w mwptpay; Nfhl;ghl;bd; tlnkhop tbtk; rhq;fpak; vd rpyh; fUJfpd;wdh;).

1. gpufpUjp (The Root Cause of Creation)

,J Mjp%yk; nghUs; (Matter)

2. GU\h (The witnessing of Consciousness)

          -mbg;gil jd;ikNa “GU\h”. xU tif rhuk; (Essence).

• Md;kh vd;gJ kdk;> cly;> Gyd; ,tw;wpypUe;J jdpahf ,aq;Fk;. ,J (Mj;kh) clypy; nry;Yk; NghJ kdJld; fye;J jd;id kdjhf fUJk;. MfNt kdjpy; tUk; typfis Md;kh jd; typahf fUJk;. vg;NghJk; Mj;kh jd;id kdjpypUe;J NtWgLj;jp gphpj;J ghh;f;fpwNjh mg;NghJ mJ kdjpd; typia czh;tjpy;iy. (jhkiu ,iy jz;zPh; Nghy; -Attached and detached).
• cyF cUthf fhuzk; gpufpUjp. (Matter and Spirit). nghUs; vd;gJ czh;tw;wJ. Mdhy; mjd; %yNk cyF cUthdJ. ,jdbg;gilapy; %d;W Fzq;fis rhq;fpak; $WfpwJ. rj;tk;> u[]; kw;Wk; jk]; Mfpaitfs;.

                             rj;tk; = rhj;tPfk; (rhe;jk;)

                             u[]; = tPhpak; (tPuk;)

                             jk]; =   Nrhh;e;jpUe;jy; (Nrhfk;)

   Kg;gphpNghy; midj;J kdpjhpYk; ,it cs;sd. ,jpy; xd;W kdpjhpy; NkNyhq;Fk;NghJ me;j Fzj;ij cilatdhthd;. ,e;j Fzq;fis Ntjid> typ> kfpo;r;rp> ntWg;G Mfpa nray;fs; %yk; mwpayhk;. ,jpy; rj;tk; cah;thf fUjg;gLfpwJ. (rhJthd FzKilNahh;> rhJfs; vd;NghUk; cz;L) rj;t Fzk;  kdpj kdjpy; NkNyhq;Fk;NghJ kdjpypUe;J Md;kh gphpAk; cah; cd;dj epiyia xUth; milaKbAk; vd;fpd;wdh;.

itNr\fk; Nghy;> ,e;j cyf ,af;fk; rhh;e;J 24 rj;Jtq;fis Kd; itf;fpd;wdh;.

gpufpUjp

Gj;jp

mfk;

kd];

QhNde;jphpak;   – 5

fh;Nke;jphpak;   – 5

jd;kj;uh];     – 5

kfh Gj;jh];   –  5

mwpT: cyif ,iwtd; cUthf;fpdhh; vd;gij rhq;fpak; Vw;ftpy;iy. vdpDk; flTs; cz;L (,Uf;fyhk;) vd ek;Gfpd;wdh;. Kf;jpailtij kpf Kf;fpakhf fUJfpd;wdh;. vg;NghJ Mj;Jkh jd; jdpj;jd;ikia czh;fpwNjh (mwpfpwNjh) mJNt Kf;jp vd fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,ij ,e;j cyfpy; ,Uf;Fk;NghNj czh;e;J (mwpe;J) Kf;jp milayhk; vd;gJ rhq;fpa jj;Jtk;.

4.Nahfk;:

          rhq;fpa jj;Jt fUj;Jf;fis Nahfk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. MfNt  Nahfk; vd;gJ rhq;fpaj;ij cs;slf;fpaJ. gjQ;ryp Kdpth; Nahf #j;jpuj;ij vOjpajhf fUJfpd;wdh;. Njt gpurhj; rhl;Nlh ghj;jpah vd;w mwpQh; gjQ;ryp ,ij njhFj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. MfNt mth; vOjpapUf;f tha;g;gpy;iy vd;fpwhh;.

mwpT: kw;w jj;Jtq;fs; Qhdk; my;yJ gj;jp %yk; flTis mwpayhk; vd;w NghJ> ,th;fs; Nahf #j;jpuk; rhh;e;j gapw;rp %yk; rpj;j tpUj;jp milayhk; vd;wdh;. ,jid uh[Nahfk; vd;whh; tpNtfhde;jh;.

Nahfhtpd; vl;L mbg;gil topfs;

1. vkh                    –        Prohibitions
2. epakh                     –        Injunctions
3. Mrdh –        Postures
4. gpuhzahk           –        Breath Control
5. gpuj;jpah`uh –        Sense Withdrawal
6. jhuz                     –        Concentration
7. jpahd           –        Meditation
8. rkhjp           –        Absorption

,tw;wpy; akh> epakh Mfpa ,uz;Lk; mwk; rhh;e;j tpjpfis nfhz;lit. ,ij tsh;j;jhy; Nahfk; rpj;jpahFk;.

• kdJ mwpahikahy; %lg;gl;Ls;sJ. kdij %bapUf;Fk; rpe;jid mLf;Ffis Ie;J Nfh\hf;fs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jyhk;. (Nfh\h Kosha) vd;gJ Md;khit %bapUf;Fk; mLf;F (sheath)) (fj;jp ciwf;Fs; ,Ug;gJ Nghy; Gj;jp (kdk;) mLf;Ffshy; %lg;gl;Ls;sJ.) me;j mLf;Ffs; (ngz;fspd; Kf;fhL Nghd;wJ)

1. md;d ka Nfh\h
2. gpuhzka Nfh\h
3. kNdhka Nfh\h
4. tpQ;Qhdka Nfh\h
5. Mde;j ka Nfh\h

Nahfk; ,e;j mLf;Ffis tpyf;f cjTk; vd;gJ ,th;fs; thjk;.

5. kPkhk;rk; (G+h;t kPkhk;rk;)

          ,ij cUthf;fpath; n[kpdp mjhtJ n[a;kpdp up\p vd;w gpuhkzh;. ,J kpfTk; gioa jj;Jt gs;sp. Ntjq;fis kjpg;Gld; ,th;fs; Vw;Wnfhs;thh;. Ntjq;fs; jhdhf cUthfpd vd;gJ ,th;fs; epiyg;ghL. G+h;t kPkhk;rk; 2500 #j;jpuq;fis nfhz;lJ. ke;jpuq;fNs flTs;. flTs; xU MSikahf ,Uf;f Njitapy;iy vd;wdh;. ,J rlq;fhr;rhuq;fis typAWj;JfpwJ. ,e;j Nts;tp kw;Wk; rlq;fhr;rhuq;fis (Rituals) nra;tjd; %yk; fh;ktpidapypUe;J tpLglyhk; vd;fpwJ kPkhk;rk;. mJNghyNt Ntjq;fis filg;gpbg;gjhYk; kWcyif milayhk; vd;gJ xU gphpT. kPkhk;rk; vd;gjd; nghUs; gpujpgypg;G/kjpg;gpLjy;.

Nfhhpa gl;lh (Fkhpsg;gl;lh> Fy;Yfgl;lh;) > gpughfuh (7-Mk; E}w;whz;L) vd;Nghh; G+h;t kPkhk;r ciufs; vOjpdh;. ‘rg;jh’ cl;gl mwpit milAk; Ie;J topfs; cs;sd vd;wdh;.

                    gpujpaf;rh   –   Seeing / View

                    rg;jh         –  Verbal Testimony

                    cgkhdh        –  Compasion and Analogy

                    mh;j;jgjp      –  Derive meaning from circumstances

                    mDkhdh       –    Infer

                   mDg;ygjp  –  Proof from absence / Cognition

Fwpg;G: mwpit mila Ie;J topfs; cs;sd vd;gJ ,e;jpa jj;Jtq;fspd; nghJ mZFKiw. ,it Ie;J gpukhzq;fs; vd;gh;. Mdhy; Fkhpsg; gl;lh> ,tw;Wld; mDg;ygjp vd;w xd;iw Mwhtjhf Nrh;j;jhh;.

mwpT: Md;kh clYld; NrUk;NghJ czh;T (mwpT) ngWfpwJ vd;gh; kPkhk;r jj;Jt gs;sp rpe;jidahsh;fs;. kPkhk;rk; fh;ktpid Nfhl;ghl;il ek;GfpwJ.

Fwpg;G : ,iw kWg;G kw;Wk; ,iw ek;gpf;if ,uz;Lk; fye;j xU jj;Jtk; kPkhk;rk;. jh;kk; vd;gJ rlq;FfSk;> rka flikfSk; vd tpsf;fg;gLk;. nja;tq;fs; vd;gJ ntWk; ngaustpy; kl;LNk cs;sd. ep[khf ,Uf;fhkYk; Nghfyhk;. ke;jpuq;fNs nja;tj;jpw;Fhpa ,lj;ij vLf;fpd;wd. xOq;fhd mwk; rhh;e;J tho;jy; jh;kh MFk;. ,e;j jh;k tpjp gb r%f tho;tpy; fh;kh nra;jhy; ,iwj;jd;ikAld; ,Wjpapy; ,izayhk;.

6.Ntjhe;jk;:

          Ntjhe;j gs;spapy; %d;W Kf;fpa gphpTfs; cs;sd. (Ntjhe;jj;ij cj;ju kPkhk;rk; vd fUJNthUk; cs;sdh;).

1. mj;itjk; –        Mjp rq;fuh;.
2. tp\pl;lhj;itjk; – ,uhkhD[h;
3. Jitjk; –        kjthr;rhhpah;

%d;Wk; Nrh;e;jJjhd; Ntjhe;jk; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.

1. mj;itjk; :

 Nfusj;jpy; cs;s fhyb (nfhr;rp) vd;w Chpy; fp.gp 700-y; gpwe;j Mjp rq;fuh; jhd; ,ij Njhw;Wtpj;jth;.  kPkhk;r gs;spapd; Fy;Yfgl;lh; vd;gtiu gpd; gw;wp te;jth; Mjprq;fuh; vd ek;gg;gLfpwJ. gpuk;k #j;jpu gh\;ak; ,th; vOjpa Kf;fpa E}y;. gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,tuJ ngaiu jhq;fp gy E}y;fs; ,tuJ rPlh;fshd rq;fuhrhhpah;fshy; vOjg;gl;ld vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. mj;itjk; vd;why; ‘,uz;ly;y’ (ntt;Ntwy;y) vd nghUs;gLk;. flTs; xUtNu/xd;Nw. mJ gug;gpuk;kk;. cyfpYk; ,Ug;ghh;. cyFf;F ntspNaAk; ,Ug;ghh;. rhq;fpak; $Wk; “GU\”> Mjp rq;fuh; ghh;itapy; “gug;gpuk;kk;” gpuk;kdpd; gFjpahfNt Md;kh cs;sJ.

          cyfk; flTshy; gilf;fg;gl;lJ my;y. gilf;fg;gl;ljhf Njhw;wkspg;gJ vd;whh;. ,iwtdpd; khah rf;jpahy; kdpjd; cyfpy; ,Ug;gjhf kha Njhw;wk; jUfpwJ.

          cyfk; ‘xU khia’ vd;W vg;NghJ czh;fpwhNah mg;NghJ ‘Qhdk;’ ngWtha;. Mdhy; mg;gb mwpa Kbahjgb xU jpiu kdij kiwf;fpwJ. mg;gb kiwg;gJjhd; “mtpf;jp” (mwpahik). ,e;j mwpahik vDk; khia mfd;why; ,iwtid fhzyhk;. mg;gb ,iwtidf; fhZk; NghJ cyfk; vd xd;W (khia mfd;W Nghtjhy;) ,y;yhky; MfptpLk;. khia mfYk; NghJ ePq;fs; gpuk;kj;jpd; xU gFjpahf khwp tpLfpwPh;fs;. ,e;epiyia mwptJ “mfk; gpuk;kh];kp’.

• “mfk; gpuk;kh];kp” – ehNd gpuk;kk; ( ehNd gpuk;kd; vd mwptNj ,jd; nghUs;. ,jidNa nka;awpT vd;wdh; ,th;fs;)

          gpw gs;spfSld; njhlh;e;J tpthjpj;J jdJ fUj;ij epiyehl;l Mjprq;fuh; Kad;whh;. midj;Jk; xd;Nw. (Vfhe;jk;). Xd;Nw (kfhj;kh) gythf gutp ,Uf;fpwJ vd;whh;.

• cyfk; ,U jd;ik nfhz;lJ.

1. tpat fhhpfh (tptfhhpfh) -,e;j cyfk; (khia)
2. ghukhh;j;jpafh – ,iwtdb NrUk; cyfk; (gpuk;kDld; fyj;jy;)

tpatfhhpf cyfk; vd;gJ ekJ fz;zpy; Gyg;gLk; khia epiwe;j (khiaahd) cyfk;. cyfk; xU khia vd;gij czuhky; mtpf;jpahy; (mwpahik/khia) csy;fpwhd; kdpjd;. ghukhh;j;jpfh cyfk; nry;y xUtd; jd;id khiaapypUe;J tpLtpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,q;fpUf;Fk; (tpatfhhpfh) NghJ kdpjd; flTis midj;J Fzq;fSk; nfhz;l “rh;Fz gpuk;kk;” vd ghh;f;fpwhd;. Mdhy; jd; kdjpd; khiaapypUe;J tpLgl;L gukhh;j;jpfh cyfk; nry;Yk;NghJ ,iwtid “eph; Fz gpuk;kdhf” ,Ug;gij fhzyhk;. mjhtJ ve;j FzKk; ,y;yhjtdhf ,iwtd; ,Ug;ghd;. (gpuk;kk;) (gpuk;kk; Fzkw;wJ> capuw;wJ?)

          gpuk;kDld; (kfhj;kh) ,iztJjhd; kdpj tho;f;ifapd; xNu my;yJ ,Wjp Fwpf;Nfhs; (Nehf;fkhf) ,Uf;f KbAk; vd;whh; Mjp rq;fuh;.

          rq;fuh; jdJ nfhs;iffis gug;g ,e;jpahtpy; ehd;F klq;fis ];jhgpj;jhh;.

                   (fhQ;rp klk; gpw;fhyj;jpy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;fpd;wdh;.)

cly; mopaf; $baJ@ Md;kh mopahjJ. (Md;kh #l;Rkk; epiwe;jJ).

2.tp\pl;lhj;itjk; :

uhkhD[h;: ,th; 11-Mk; E}w;whz;by; jkpo;ehl;by; =ngUk;GJ}hpy; gpwe;jhh;. gpuk;k #j;jpuj;ij fw;wwpe;jhh;. NkYk; gpuk;k#j;jpuj;Jf;F rq;fuh; vOjpa rq;fu gh\;ak; ciuiaAk; gbj;jhh; uhkhD[h;. Mdhy; mth; rq;fuhpd; thjj;ij Vw;ftpy;iy. Fwpg;ghf ,e;j cyfk; ngha; (khia) vd;gij uhkhD[uhy; Vw;f Kbatpy;iy.

          typ cz;ikahdJ> cyfk; cz;ikahdJ. Md;kh cz;ikahdJ. kdpjh;fs; cz;ikahdth;fs; vd thjpl;lhu; uhkhD[h;. MfNt gpuk;kKk; cz;ik vd;whh;. ,e;j cz;ikfis mth; jdJ tprp\;lhj;itjk; vd;w jj;Jtk; %yk; Nghjpj;jhh;. mj;itjj;jpy; ‘xU tpNr\’ jd;ikia Vw;wpagbahy; mJ tprp\;lhj;itjk; vdg;gl;lJ. cyfk; khia my;y> mJ cz;ik MdJ vd uhkD[h; $wpaJjhd; me;j tpNr\k;. Mjp rq;fupd; khahthjj;jpypUe;J NtWgl;lJ tp\pl;lhj;itjk;. uhkhD[hpd; =gh\;aj;jpy; mtuJ thjq;fs; cs;sd.

          khia vd;gij tpsf;f fapW – ghk;G cjhuzj;ij rq;fuh; nfhLg;ghh;. mjhtJ mwpahikahy; xUtd; fapiw ghk;ghf ghh;f;fpwhd;. mJNghyNt xUtd; cyfj;ij khiaahf ghh;f;fpwhd;. ,J gpw gs;spfshy; tpkh;rpf;fg;gl;lJ.

          (fapwhf ghh;j;jhy; mJ fapW. ghk;ghf ghh;j;jhy; mJ ghk;G. ep[j;jpy; mJ fapW.)

          uhkhD[h; ,jw;F NtW tpsf;fk; nfhLj;jhh;. ,uz;bYk; xNu %yk; nghUs; (tisT?) cs;sJ. me;j %yg;nghUis ghh;f;Fk;NghJ mtd; xU tpj kaf;fj;Jld; ghh;j;jhd;. me;j kaf;fj;Jld; ghh;j;jjhy; faW mtDf;F ghk;ghf fhzg;gl;lJ. MfNt mJ khia my;y@ kaf;fk; vd;whh; uhkhD[h;.

          uhkhD[h; NtnwhU Kf;fpa thjj;ijAk; itj;jhh;. Nguz;lkhf> Ngnuhspahf gpsk;ghf ,Uf;Fk; ,iwtid xU khia kiwf;Fk; vdpy; mtuJ rf;jp Nfs;tpf;FhpaJ my;yth> vd;whh;.

          kdpjd; flTsplk; gpugjp (ruz; miljy;) mila Ntz;Lk; vd;whh;. Vndd;why; vt;tsTjhd; mwpT nfhz;L Kad;whYk; gugpuk;kj;ij KOikahf mwpa  KbahJ. flTis neUq;fyhk;> Mdhy; eP flTshf khw KbahJ vd;whh; uhkhD[h;. vdNt gf;jp khh;f;fj;ij gpugy;agLj;jpdhh;. ,e;j gf;jp khh;f;fk; it\;ztk; (itztk;) vdg;gLfpwJ.

3.Jitjk; :

fh;ehlfj;jpy; cs;s g[f vd;w Chpy; fp.gp 1238-y; gpwe;j kj;th; my;yJ Mde;j jPh;j;jh; my;yJ khjth; my;yJ kj;thr;rhhpah; ,e;j gphpit epWtpdhh;. 1285-y; cLg;gp vd;w ,lj;jpy; = fpU\;z klj;ij epWtpdhh;. ,th; gpugpk;kk; NtW> cyfk; NtW vd;whh;. Jitjk; vd;gjd; nghUs; ,uz;L my;yJ NtWNtW. ,it epue;jukhf epj;jpaj;jpYk; epj;jpakhf Ntt;NtwhfNt ,Uf;Fk;. gf;jp %yk; kl;LNk gpuk;kj;ij mila KbAk; vd;whh; kj;th;. rh;t %y fpue;jq;fs; vd;w E}y; ,tuJ Gfo; ngw;w E}y;.

          rq;fuhpd; khahthjk; kw;Wk; Vfhe;j fUj;Jf;F Kw;wpYk; vjpuhd fUj;ij nfhz;lth;> kj;th;.

          gpuk;kk; vd;w fUj;jpy; ,e;j %d;W gphptpdUk; xd;WgLthh;. Mdhy; gpuk;kj;ij ntt;NtW Kiwapy; tpsf;fpdh;. gpuk;kk; NtW@ gilg;G NtW@ MfNt ,it ,uz;Lk; xU NghJk; xd;whfhJ(Vfhe;jk; MfhJ). jdpj;Nj ,Uf;Fk;@ ,e;j epue;ju ,ul;il epiyia tpsf;FtJjhd; Jitjk;.

1. ,e;jpa jj;Jtk; kw;Wk; jkpof kuGfs;

     fl;likf;fg;gl;l epWtd kjq;fs; Njhd;Wk; Kd;G> jkpofj;jpy; Mtp tzf;fk;> kw;Wk; %jhijah; tzf;fk; (khpj;jth;fs; fdtpy; Njhd;wpagbahy;)> mjid njhlh;e;J ,aw;if tzf;fk; kw;Wk; eLfy; tzf;fk; (khpj;j tPuh; epidthf) Kjypa rka ek;gpf;iffs; nfhz;bUe;jdh; jkpoh;fs;. vdpDk; MrPtfk; vd;w rka nka;apay; Nfhl;ghLjhd; jkpoh; kugpy; fl;likg;G kw;Wk; epWtd rkakhf Kjd; Kjypy; Njhd;wpaJ.

,jid Njhw;Wtpj;jth; kw;fyp Nfhrhyh; (rhj;jd;) vd;w Jwtp. ,th; rkz Jwtpfs; kw;Wk; ngsj;j Jwtpfsplk; njhlh;G nfhz;bUe;jhh; vd fUjg;gLfpwJ. i[d jPh;j;jq;fh; kfhtPh;> MrPtfj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;j kw;fyp Nfhrhyhpd; ez;gh;. kw;fypapd; topfhl;ly; mbg;gilapy;> kfhtPu; i[d Jwtwj;jpy; eph;thz epiyia GFj;jpdhh; vd;w fUj;Jk; cs;sJ. gpd;G rkzj;jpypUe;J gphpe;J jd; nka;apay; (Co;-,aw;if tpjp) Nfhl;ghl;il kw;fyp tFj;jhh;. ,tUf;F cjtpath; G+uzh; (jw;nray; Nfhl;ghL). vdpDk; nka;apay; Nfhl;ghl;L Kiwapy; rkzk; kw;Wk; Gj;j kjj;jpd; el;G kjkhfNt MrPtfk; njhlh;e;jJ. vdNt MrPtfk; fp.K 6- Mk; E}w;whz;L mstpy; Njhd;wpaJ my;yJ mjw;F rw;W Kd;G Njhd;wpapUf;fyhk;. ,J 14- Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu jkpofj;jpy; ,Ue;jjhf A.L gh\k; (A.L. Basham) vd;w M];jpNuypa Ma;thsh; $Wfpwhh;.

          MrPtfj;jpy; %d;W Kf;fpa jPh;jq;fuh;fs; ,Ue;jjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. Mjpehjh;> ghRgj ehjh; kw;Wk; ma;aehjh@; ,th;fs; KiwNa fhis> Ie;J jiy ehfk; kw;Wk; ahid Mfpa milahsq;fshy; mwpag;gLth;. MfNt ,f;fhyj;jpYk; ma;adhh; Nfhapy;fspy; ,it cs;sjhf Ma;thsh;fs; $Wfpwhh;fs;. (,it Fwpj;J NkYk; Ma;Tfs; ele;J tUfpd;wd). vdpDk; MrPtf Nfhl;ghl;bd; Kf;fpa milahskhf ahid fUjg;gl;lJ. jkpof ma;adhh; tzf;fk; MrPtf kjj;jpd; topKiw vd;Nw fUjg;gLfpwJ. Nfusj;jpy; ma;ag;gd; topghL MrPtfj;jpd; gFjp vd f.neLQ;nropad; vd;w jkpo; Ma;thsh; $Wfpwhh;.

1. gf;FLf;if ed;fzpahh; – mZNfhl;ghL
2. m[pjNfrhsh; (eupntUcj;jiyah;) – flTs; kWg;G
3. G+uzh; – jw;nray; Nfhl;ghL
4. kw;fyp/rhj;jd; – Co;/,aw;if tpjp Nfhl;ghL

,th;fs; rkfhyj;jth;. NkYk; ,th;fs; rq;ffhy Gyth;fs;. ,th;fs; $wpa fUj;Jfs; MrPtfj;jpy; gpujpgypf;fpd;wd.

          MrPtfk; vd;why; (gpur;ridfSf;F) “,ay;ghf jPH;it fhZkplk;/nrhy;Ykplk;” (MR+<T+mfk;) vd;w nghUs;gLk; (MRthrk; jUk; klk;). MrPtfk; flTs; ek;gpf;if ,y;yhj> flTs; kWg;G kjk;. mZf;fs; kw;Wk; Ie;J G+jq;fspd; (gf;FLf;if ed;fzpahh;-mZNfhl;ghL) Nrh;f;ifahy; cyfk; cz;lhdJ vd fUjpdh;. mZit Mf;fTk;> mopf;fTk; KbahJ vd;wdh;. Md;kh ,y;iy. ghtk;> Gz;zpak; ,y;iy vd;wdh;. flTs; kWg;G cs;sth;fs;@ vdpDk; capUf;F mLj;j gpwtp cz;L vd ek;gpdh;. gpwtpfs; njhlh;e;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk; vd;wdh;. ,jw;F ,th;fs; fhl;ba cjhuzk;. xU E}y; fz;il kiyapypUe;J cUl;b tpl;lhy; mJ njhlh;e;J ePz;L nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;. mJNghy gpwtp ePz;L nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk; vd;wdh;. (,e;j cjhuzk; rhpah vd;gJ Nfs;tpf;Fwp?) ,jid Co; mjhtJ gpwtp ePz;Lnfhz;Nl NghFk; vd;wdh;. vdNt khpj;jth;fspd; cliy ehl;bak; Mbf;nfhz;Nl vLj;Jr;nrd;W ey; mlf;fk; nra;th;. vy;yhk; ,aw;if tpjpg;gb elf;Fk; vd;wdh;.

Fwpg;G : Ik;G+jq;fspy; Mfhak; vd;gij MrPtfk; Vw;ftpy;iy vd; rpy Ma;thsh;fs; fUJfpd;wdh;.

kdpjh; midtUk; gpwg;ghy; rkk; vd;wdh;. kw;fyp “kdpjd; jdf;nfd;W jdp top/tho;tpay;” filgpbj;jiy Nghjpj;jhh;. kdpjh; jq;fs; tho;tpd; gpur;ridfSf;F MrPtf Jwtpfsplk; ‘tho;tpay; topfhl;liy’ ngw MrPtf klq;fSf;F te;jdh;.  MrPtf JwT nfhz;Nlhiu khjq;fh;> khjq;fp vd mioj;jdh;.

 Fwpg;G : MrPtfj;jpd; fzpad; vd;Nghh; re;jpud; kw;Wk; el;rj;jpu #ow;rp mbg;gilapy; uhrp gyd; %yk; jdp kdpjdpd; gpur;ridfSf;F jPh;T fhz KbAk; vd ek;gpdh; vd;gjhf  MrPtfk; Fwpj;J Ma;T nra;j rpy Ma;thsh;fs; fUJfpd;wdh;.

nghJthf tpjp> kw;Wk; epajp mbg;gilapy; midj;Jk; elf;Fk; (,aq;Fk;) vd fUjpdh;. tpQ;Qhd rpe;jid nfhz;bUe;jdh;. ‘jtwpypUe;J jpUk;GjNy cz;ikahd fw;wy;’  vd;wdh;. (Turning away from wrong is true Learning).  ,JNt ,th;fspd; mwpT rhh; thjk; MFk;. MrPtfk; mf;fhyj;jpNyNa itjPf tUzhrpuk ehd;F th;z gpwg;G Nfhl;ghl;Lf;F vjpuhd Nfhl;ghl;il nfhz;bUe;jij mwpa KbfpwJ.

          “nghpNahiu tpaj;jYk; ,yNk

          rpwpNahiu ,fo;jYk; ,yNk”  – fzpad; G+q;Fd;wdhh;.

          fzpad; G+q;Fd;wdh; vOjpa ,g;ghly; kdpjh; midtUk; rkk; vd;w MrPtf Nfhl;ghl;il gpujpgypf;fpwJ. MfNt fzpad; G+q;Fd;wdhh; MrPtf nka;apaiy nfhz;lth; vd fUjg;gLfpwhh;. ,e;j MrPtfk; jdJ nka;apay; kuig> rpj;jh;fs; vOjpa ghly;fs; topahf gjpT nra;Js;sJ. MfNt rpj;jh;fs; MrPtf ek;gpf;if nfhz;l Jwtpfs; vd gy Ma;thsh;fs; fUJfpd;wdh;. fp.gp.20-Mk; E}w;whz;by; Njhd;wpa jpuhtpl rpj;jhe;jq;fspy; MrPtfh;fs; nfhz;bUe;j flTs; kWg;G Nfhl;ghL gpujpgypj;jJ.

,jdhy; Ntj kuGfs; rhh;e;j Mj;jpf fUj;Jfs; jkpofj;jpy; mjpf jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jtpy;iy vdyhk;. fhuzk; ,q;F  MrPtfk;> rpj;jh; kw;Wk; jpuhtpl %y  ghuk;ghpa rpj;jhe;jq;fs; rq;f fhyj;Jf;F Kd;Ng tYthf ,Ue;jd.

          Dr.uhjhfpU\;zd; jhd; vOjpa History of Philosophy- Eastern and Western – E}ypy; rpe;J rkntsp ehfhPfj;jpy; cs;s jpuhtpl gz;ghL Mhpa gz;ghl;Lf;F rthyhf ,Ue;jJ vd tpsf;fpdhh;.

          mJNghyNt jkpo; gz;ghL jkpo; tuyhw;wpYk;> rq;f fhy E}y;fspYk;> fhzf;fplf;fpwJ. ePyNfrp> kzpNkfiy Nghd;w E}y;fspy; jkpo; gz;ghLfSk;> jj;Jtq;fSk; fye;Js;sd. rkz gpd;dzpapy; my;yJ MrPtf gpd;dzpapy; cUthd jpUf;Fws; Fwpj;J tphpthf tpthjpf;fhtpbDk; jkpoh; jj;Jtq;fis cs;slf;fpa E}yhfNt mJ cs;sJ. irt rpj;jhe;jk;>  jpuhtpl jkpo; ghuk;ghpaj;Jf;fhd jj;Jt gs;spahf mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jkpo; rpj;jh;fs; vOjpa rpj;jh; ghly;fspy; Ntj fUj;JfSf;F vjpuhd fUj;jpay; thjq;fs; gutyhf nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk; Ntj fUj;Jf;fis gpujpgypf;Fk; ‘kDePjp’ rh];jpuj;jpd; thjq;fis Fws;fspy; rpy Fws;fs; kw;Wk; rpj;jh; ghly;fs;; cilf;fpd;wd.

cjh: “gpwg;nghf;Fk; vy;yh caph;f;Fk;’ – Fws;

,e;j Fws; gpwg;ghy; midtUk; rkk;@ th;zhrpuk; gpwg;ghy; tUk; vd;w fUj;ij kpfj; njspthf kWf;fpwJ.

tprp\;lhj;itjj;jpd; jkpo; tbthd itztk;> jq;fs; gf;jpkhh;f;f    E}y;fshd ehyhapu jpt;a gpuge;jj;ij “jpuhtpl Ntjhe;jk;”  (jpuhtpl Ntjk;) vd;wiof;fpd;wdh;.

          jpUf;Fwspy; mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk; Nghd;w jj;Jtj;ij fhzyhk;. Mdhy; tPL NgW vd;w jj;Jtj;ij fhztpayhJ. tPLNgW vd;gJ Nkhl;rj;ij Fwpf;Fk; gjk;. ,J jkpo; ,yf;fpa E}y;fspy; cs;s jj;Jt rpwg;G vdyhk;.

          nrd;w 20-Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J <.nt.uhkrhkp vdg;gLk; nghpahh; mth;fshy; gFj;jwpT fUj;Jf;fs; jkpofj;jpy; fl;likf;fg;gl;ld. gFj;jwpT %yk; %lek;gpf;iffs; cilj;njwpag;gl;ld. th;zhrpuk fUj;Jf;fs; Nfs;tpf;Fs;shapd.

          kj E}y;fspy; cs;s jj;Jtq;fis nghpahh; Nfs;tp vOg;gpdhh;. tpthj nghUshf;fpdhh;. nghpahhpd; thjq;fs; nghUs; Kjy;thjk; mbg;gilapy; mike;jd.

          nghpahiu NghyNt mtUf;F Kd; mNahj;jp jhr gz;bjUk; Ntj fUj;Jfs; Fwpj;J Nfs;tp vOg;gpdhh;.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   nghpahh; fhyj;jpy; tl ,e;jpahtpy; lhf;lh;. mk;Ngj;fh; mth;fSk; Ntj jj;Jtq;fs; kPJ Nfs;tp fizfisj; njhLj;jhh;. mth; Ntjhe;j jj;Jtq;fis fLikahf rhbdhh;. ,t;thW nrd;w E}w;whz;bypUe;J itjPf Ntj jj;Jtk; Nfs;tpf;Fs;shdJ.

          Mdhy;> Ntj jj;Jtq;fis nfhz;l tl ghuk;ghpaKk;> jkpohpd; Ntj vjph;g;G ghuk;ghpaKk; jkpofj;jpy; xU fyg;G epiyapy; cs;sd ,f;fhyj;jpy;. vdNt jj;Jt ghh;itapy; tPhpak; Fiwe;jJ Nghy; Njhw;wkspj;jhYk;> gf;jpkhh;f;f kjkhf ,e;J kjk; tYthf cs;sJ. NkYk; ,e;j gf;jp khh;f;f ek;gpf;ifAld; murpay; rpj;jhe;jk; NrUk; NghJ mJ ‘,e;Jj;Jth’ vd;w ngah; ngWfpwJ.

VII. gapw;rp

1. ,e;jpa jj;Jtj;jpd; Mj;jpf gs;spfs; Fwpj;J vOJf:-
2. ,e;jpa jj;Jtj;jpd; ehj;jpf gs;spfs; Fwpj;J vOJf:-
3. ,e;jpa Ntjhe;j jj;Jtq;fis Fwpj;j nghpahhpd; fUj;Jfis / ghh;itia tpthpf;fTk;.
4. ,e;jpa Ntjhe;j jj;Jtq;fis Fwpj;j mk;Ngj;fh; ghh;itapid tpthpf;fTk;.
5. ,e;jpa jj;Jtq;fis iggps; NghjidAld; kjpg;gPLf.
6. ,e;jpa Ntjhe;;j jj;Jt gs;spfspd; jj;Jtq;fis iggps; kw;Wk; fpwp];jt ,iwapay; ghh;itapy; kjpg;gpl;L tpsf;Ff:- (xw;Wik Ntw;Wikfis kjpg;gpL)
7. ,e;jpa jj;Jtq;fs; Fwpj;j VjhtJ xU E}iy thrpj;J mjw;Fhpa thrpg;G mwpf;ifia 25 gf;f mstpy; rkh;gpf;fTk;. (thrpf;Fk; Gj;jfk; 200 gf;fq;fSf;F Fiwahky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;).