gy;ypdf; fyhr;rhu Copak;

RtpNr~k; mwptpg;gjpy; fyhr;rhuk; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd gq;fhw;WfpwJ.  gyu; fyhr;rhuk; vd;fpw thh;j;ijia jtwhf Ghpe;J nfhs;tjpdhy; RtpNr~k; mwptpg;gjpYk;> rig epWTtjpYk; gy ,lh;ghLfisr;  re;jpf;fpd;wdh;.  Ntjhfkj;ij ghh;f;Fk; NghJ mJ Cross Cultural Mission-f;F mbg;gilahd jskhf ,Uf;fpwJ. mjpy; $wg;gl;bUf;fpd;w cz;ik rk;gtq;fs; ehk; fyhr;rhuk; fle;j RtpNr~ gzp nra;tjw;F rhd;Wfshf mikfpwJ. fyhr;rhuk; fle;j RtpNr~ gzpapy; <Lgl;bUf;fpwth;fs;> Ntjhfkk; fyhr;rhuj;ij vg;gb ifahSfpwJ vd;gij mwptJld;> ,NaR fpwp];J fyhr;rhuÆ a+j ghuk;ghpaj;ij fle;J gzpahw;wpdhu; vd;gijAk; mwpjy; mtrpak; Vd; vd;;why;> mJ vy;yh kf;fisAk; ,ul;rpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhfNt. mNj Neuj;jpy; mth; Fwpg;gpl;l fyhr;rhuj;ij gpd;gw;wpdhh; vd;fpw fUj;ijAk; Ntjhfkj;jpy; ghh;f;fyhk;.

          ,e;jpa ehl;il fz;Nzhf;Fk; NghJ mJ gy fyhr;rhuq;fis cila kf;fis nfhz;l ehlhf ,Uf;fpwJ.  MfNt ,q;F RtpNr~ gzp nra;fpwth;fs; fyhr;rhuk; rhu;e;j gy gpur;ridfis vjph;nfhs;fpd;wdh;.  ,e;jpahtpy; eilngw;w CopakhdJ njhlf;fk; KjNy gy;ypdf; fyhr;rhuk; fle;j RtpNr~ gzpahfNt ,Ue;jJ. INuhg;gpa kp~dhpfs; ,e;jpah te;jNghJ gy fyhrhuq;fis ghh;j;J> mth;fs; Ghpe;J nfhz;ljpd; mbg;gilapy; Copaj;jpy; GJ Kaw;rpfis ifahz;ldh;. ,uhgu;l; b nehgpsp GJ Kaw;rpfis ifahz;ljpy; Kjd;ikahdth;. mth; (Method of Adaptation) jOty;Kiw vd;w nfhs;ifia mwpKfg;gLj;jp> nray;gLj;jpdhu;. ,e;jpahtpy; fpwp];jth;fs; fyhr;rhuj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; RtpNr~k; mwptpf;Fk; gy KiwfisAk;  mwpKfg;gLj;jpdh;. mjdhy; (Samajam) tq;fhsrkh[k;> Mrpukq;fs; (Ashram) Nghd;wit Njhd;wpd (V.fh. Fw;whyk;> jpUg;gj;Jhu; fpwp];J Fy Mrpukq;fs;> gz;bj ukhghapd; ~hujh rjd; (Sharada sadan)). MdhYk; gy fyhr;rhuq;fs; fpwp];jth;fshy; gpd;gw;wg;glhjjhy; gy Neuq;fspy; fpwp];jtk; md;dpa ehl;by; ,Ue;J te;j rkankd Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gLfpwJ. fyhr;rhuk;> fhykhw;wk; Vw;gLk; NghJ khWfpwJ.  Mdhy;> RtpNr~k; vy;yh fyhr;rhuj;jpD}NlAk; khwhky; nry;y $baJ.  mJ ,e;j E}w;whz;bw;Fk; nghUe;Jk;. ve;jnthU fyhr;rhuKk; kjpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; vy;yh fyhr;rhuj;ijAk; mg;gbNa Vw;Wf; nfhs;s KbahJ vd;gij mwpe;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

Nehf;fk;

          ,e;j ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; vd;dntd;why; Ntjhfkk; fyhr;rhuk; fle;j RtpNr~ gzpf;F mbg;gilahdJ vd;gij tpsf;Fjy;.

tpisTfs;

• gy fyhr;rhuk;> gy ,dq;fs; kj;jpapy; gzp nra;fpw Copah;fSf;F cjtTk;> mth;fs; Copaj;jpy; ntw;wpailaTk;>
• Copah;fis gy ,d fyhr;rhu kf;fs; kj;jpapy; gzp nra;a jFjpgLj;jTk;> mjd; %yk; mNdf Mj;Jkhf;fis mWtil nra;aTk;.
• Ntjhfk rj;jpaj;jpd; xspapy; gy;ypdf; fyhr;rhu Copaj;ij Ghpe;J nfhs;tJ.
• gy;ypd fyhr;rhu Copaj;jpy; Vw;gLk; jilfis Nkw;nfhs;s cjTtJ.

nghUslf;fk;

1. fyhr;rhuk;
2. fyhr;rhuj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
3. Ntjhfkj;jpy; fyhr;rhu $Wfs;
4. gioa Vw;ghL – gy;ypd fyhr;rhu RtpNr~ gzpf;F mbg;gil

4.1.,];uNty; %ykhf vy;yh kf;fisAk; MrPh;tjpg;gJ flTspd; $w;W

4.2. ,];uNty; – kp~dhp gzp nra;a njhpe;njLf;fg;gl;l Njrk;;

4.3. NahNrg;G – eph;thf gzpahsh;Æ eph;thf kp~dup

4.4. ehfkhdpd; Ntiyf;fhug;ngz; – gy;ypd fyhr;rhu ngz; kp~dhp

4.5. Nahdh – gy;ypd fyhr;rhuj;ij Ghpe;J nfhs;shj kp~dhp

4.6. jhdpNay; – NguuR kp~dhpÆ murit kp~dhp

4.7. Njthyak; – gy;ypdk; fle;j RtpN~g; gzpapd; ikak;

5. ,NaR – guNyhfj;jpy; ,Ue;J te;j kp~dhp
6. mg;Ngh];jy elgbfs; – gy;ypd fyhr;rhu Copaj;jpw;fhd Af;jpfs; mlq;fpa G];jfk;

6.1.nge;NjNfh];Nj ehs; – Njtdpd; cyfshtpa Copaj;jpl;lj;jpd;           ehs;.

6.2.gpypg;G – cld; gazk;  nra;j kp~dhpÆgazp kp~dhp

6.3.NgJU – jaq;fpa kp~dhp

6.4.me;jpNahfpah rig – gy;ypdk; fle;j RtpNr~ gzp nra;j       rig

6.5.gTy; – jpl;lkpl;L gzp nra;Ak; kp~dhp

6.6.n[ghyak; – gy;ypdk; fle;j RtpN~g; gzpapd; ikak;

7.ntspg;gLj;jpd tpNr~k; – cyf kf;fSf;fhd epiwT fhy gzp

8.,e;jpahtpy; eilngw;w RtpNr~ gzp – gy;ypdk; fle;j gzpNa.

9. gy; ,dk; fle;j RtpNr~ gzpapy; Vw;gLk; jilfs;

9.1. gy;ypdk; fle;j RtpNr~ gzpf;fs tuk;Gfs;Æ tiuaWf;fg;gl;l           vz;zk;

9.2. gpw fyhr;rhuk; Fwpj;J rhpahd Ghpjy; ,y;yhik

9.3. nkhop jil

9.4. Fiwthf vOjg;gl;l rkaÆ nghJ vOj;Jf;fs;

9.5.gpw rka ek;gpf;if cs;sth;fs; Fwpj;J Fiwe;j Ghpjy;          cs;sJ

9.6. gy;ypd fyhr;rhu NtWghLfs;

10. kp~dhpfs; fyhr;rhuj;ij rPuopg;gtuh?

11.gy;ypdk; fle;j RtpNr~ gzpapy; <LgLk; kp~dhpf;F ,Uf;f Ntz;ba gz;Gfs;

11.1.kpf Mokhd fpwp];jt ek;gpf;if cilatuhf ,Uf;f           Ntz;Lk;

11.2.nghWik

11.3; tisAk; jd;ik

11.4 rthy;fis re;jpf;fpd;w JzpT

11.5 gpw rkak; kw;Wk; gpw fyhr;rhuj;ij gpd;gw;Wfpwth;fis         kjpf;f Ntz;Lk;

11.6 jPh;khdk;

11.7 fw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; jpwd;> vz;zk;

12. gy;ypd fyhr;rhu gapw;;rpapd; gq;F

13.ciuahlYk; gy;ypdk; fle;j RtpNr~ gzpAk;

1.fyhr;rhuk;

          fyhr;rhuk; vd;fpw jkpo; thu;j;ij ‘nfhNyNu’ (Colere) vd;fpw ,yj;jPd; thh;j;ijapy; ,Ue;J cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.  ,jd; mh;j;jk; vd;dntd;why; tsh;tJ> tpijg;gJ> tsh;g;G kw;Wk; epyj;ij gz;gLj;JtJ MFk;.  fyhr;rhuk; kf;fspd; gz;Gfs; kw;Wk; mwpitAk; cs;slf;fpa nkhop> rkak;> rKjha gof;ftof;fq;fs;> ,ir> fiy> ek;gpf;if> rl;lk;> fUtpfs;> njhlh;Grhjd milahsq;fs;> ghuk;ghpaq;fs;> ,d jdpjd;ikAk; kw;w kf;fSldhd el;GwTk;> xU ,df; FONthL Nrh;tjw;F xUth; nra;Ak; my;yJ ngw;W nfhs;Sk; epfo;Tfs; midj;Jk; rhu;e;jjhFk;.  ,e;j fyhr;rhu gz;Gfs; xU ,df;FOtpy; vy;yhuhYk; my;yJ mNdfuhy; gpd;gw;wgLk; xd;Nw> mJ mth;fs; tho;f;if Kiw kw;Wk; fl;likg;Gfis Fwpj;j vz;zq;fis gpujpgypg;gjhf ,Uf;fpwJ.

          fyhr;rhuk; kf;fshy;> kf;fSf;fhf Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ> xU jiyKiwapdhplk; ,Ue;J mLj;j jiyKiwapdUf;F vLj;J nry;yg;gl;lJ>  nry;yg;gLfpwJ. fpwp];bdh b. Nuhrp (Cristina De Rossi) “fyhr;rhuk; vd;gJ> rkak;> czT> vij ehk;  cLf;fpNwhk;> vg;gb mzpfpNwhk;> nkhop> jpUkzk;> ,ir> ey;yJ – nfl;lJ vd;gij gw;wpa ek;gpf;if> tpUe;jhspia tuNtw;gJ> czT cl;nfhs;Sk; Kiw Nghd;w gy Mapuk; fhhpaq;fis cs;slf;fpaJ vd;fpwhu;”;.  vl;th;l;. gp. nla;yh; (Edward B. Taylor) “fyhr;rhuk; mwpT> fy;tp> fiy> rl;lk;> ey;nyhOf;fk;> rlq;Ffs;> gof;ftof;fq;fs; xU kdpjdhy; ,e;j rKjhaj;jpy; mq;fk; tfpf;f Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ> vdf; $Wfpwhu;”;. RUf;fkhf “eil> cil> ghtid” vd $wg;gLtJk; cz;L.

2. fyhr;rhuj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

          fyhr;rhuk; kf;fs; FOthf tho;tjw;Fk; jq;fspd; #o;epiyf;F Vw;wthW jOtTk;> epiyj;J epw;fTk; cWJizahf ,Uf;fpwJ.  vy;yh ,df;FOf;fSk;> jq;fs; FOit eph;tfpg;gjw;F my;yJ FO jioj;Njhq;f jq;fspd; ‘mDgtk;’ %yk; fw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdh;. Ie;J ntt;NtW ,df;FOf;fis vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhy; (ghiytd gFjp> kio nghopf;fpd;w gFjp> tl kw;Wk; njd;JUt gFjp> kiy gFjp) ,e;j gFjpapy; tho;fpd;w ,dkf;fs; me;j gFjp rhh;e;J (fpilf;fpd;w jhdpaq;fs;> fhyepiy> czT) caph; tho fw;Wf;nfhz;ldh;> nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. mJNt fyhr;rhuk; MfpwJ. mth;fs; tho;tjw;F Ntz;ba fUtpfs;> topKiwfs;> nghJthd kjpg;gP;L Nghd;wit> mtu;fs; FOthf ,ize;J thoTk;> njhlh;e;J epiyf;fTk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. 

,df;FO re;jpf;fpd;w gy gpur;ridfs; (kf;fs;> kz;) mij vjph;f;nfhs;Sk; Kiw kw;Wk; jpl;lq;fs;> rl;lq;fshf khw;wg;gl;L gpd; jiyKiwapdUf;F toq;fg;gLfpwJ. rl;lq;fSf;F vjpuhf nray;gLtJk; tpyfptpLtJk; jz;lidf;FhpaJ.  Vndd;why; mJ me;j nkhj;j ,df;FOit ghjpf;Fk;. MfNt kp~dhpahf nry;y tpUk;Ggth; jhd; nry;y NghFk; ,d kf;fsJ fyhr;rhuj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij (Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;) mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW mwpe;j xUtuhy; kl;LNk gy ,dkf;fs; tho;fpd;w gzpjsq;fspy; ey;y gzp nra;aTk;> gzpapy; ePbj;jpUf;fTk;> ntw;wp ngwTk; KbAk;.

3. Ntjhfkj;jpy; fyhr;rhu $Wfs;

          Ntjhfkk; – gy;ypd fyhr;rhuj;ij tpsf;Fk; xU nghf;fp~k;. mJ ve;jnthU fyhr;rhuj;ij rhh;e;j kdpjDk; flTisAk; rf kdpjidAk; ,izj;J ghh;f;f cjTk;.  nll; thu;l; (Ted ward) vd;gtu; Copa Kiwfis Fwpj;J ed;F Muha;e;J xU FOtpd; fyhr;rhuj;ijg; gw;wp nrhy;Yk; NghJ> ‘fyhr;rhuk; vd;gJ kf;fSf;F nghJthdJ mjdhy;; Ntw;;Wikfs; kiwe;jJ’ vd;fpwhh;. 

Mjp.1:27> ahf;.3:9 Mfpa Ntj gFjpfis thrpf;fpd;w NghJ kdpjd; Njt rhaypy; gilf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwhd; vd;W $WfpwJ.  Njt rhay; midj;J kdpjupd; nghJ epajp. mjpd; mbg;gil vd;dntd;why; xU fyhr;rhuj;ij rhh;e;j kdpjd; jd;id> NtW ve;j fyhr;rhuj;ij rhh;e;j rf kdpjh;fNshLk; ey;YwT nfhs;s KbAk;. Vndd;why; vy;yh kf;fSk; NjtDila rhaypy; gilf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwhu;fs;. MfNt Ntjhfkj;jpy; nrhy;yg;gl;l  RtpNr~k;> vy;yh fyhr;rhuj;ij rhh;e;j kf;fshYk; mwpe;J nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;why;> mJ me;j kf;fspd; fyhr;rhuk; rhh;e;j fUj;Jf;fs;> Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;> nrhw;fSf;F khw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;. fpwp];jt RtpNr~k; ek;Kila rpe;jidapy; cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;> nkhop ngah;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

,d;iwf;Fk; capNuhL ,Uf;fpw ,NaR tuyhw;wpd; milahskhf ,e;j cyfj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;> MfNt mth; xU Njrj;Jld; kl;Lky;y mjd;; fyhr;rhuj;JlDk; njhlh;Gilath;. Mdhy; mth; jd;id xU fyhr;rhuj;Jld; kl;Lg;gLj;jtpy;iy> fu;j;ju; fyhr;rhuj;jpw;Fs;Sk;> ClhfTk; nray;gLfpwhh;.  fu;j;ju; jpushd Ntjthh;j;ijfs; %ykhf jd;id ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;w Neuj;jpy;> mth; xU fyhr;rhuj;ij ikag;gLj;jp nray;gl;lhu; mJ a+j fyhr;rhuk;Æ Njrk;.

          ,NaRfpwp];J a+j fyhr;rhuj;jpy; gpwe;jhYk;> mth; te;j Nehf;fj;ij vy;yh kf;fSf;Fk; vLj;J nrd;whh;.  kj;. 28:19y; “… rfy [hjpfisAk; rP~uhf;fp…” vd;fpw ,lj;jpy; [hjp vd;gjw;F ‘vj;jNdh];’ (ethanos) vd;w fpNuf;f thh;j;ij gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. mJ kf;fs; my;yJ Njrk; vd;gij Fwpf;fpwJ. kf;fs; – Njrk; xU jdpj;jd;ikahd rKjha> murpay;> fyhr;rhuj;ij ikakhf nfhz;lFO> mth;fSf;nfd;W nghJthd kjpg;gPLfSk;> nkhopAk; cz;L. ghhp]; kw;Wk; n`sty; (Parris and Howell) MfpNahh;fs; [hjpÆ Njrk; vd;gJ kf;fspd; my;yJ ,df;FOtpd; fyhr;rhuj;ij Fwpf;fpwJ vd;;wdu;. NkYk; me;j thh;j;ij ([hjpÆNjrk;) fyhr;rhuj;NjhL njhlh;GgLtjhy; Ntjhfkj;jpy; nrhy;yg;gl;l kfj;jhd fl;lisia nray;gLj;Jtjw;F kf;fis Maj;jg;gLj;Jfpwhh; vd $Wfpwhu;fs;. fpwp];jth;fs; vy;yh ,d kf;fsplKk; nry;y Ntz;Lk;> Ngr Ntz;Lk;> Mz;lthpd; fl;lisgb tho Ntz;Lk;.

          cyfj;ij ek; ,dtopg; ghh;itapdhy; (ethnocentric view) ehk; epahag;gLj;JfpNwhk;.  ek; kjpg;gPLfs;> gof;ftof;fq;fs; Nghy; mtu;fSk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd fUJfpNwhk;.  ePq;fSk; mt;thW epidf;fyhk;.  vy;yh ,dkf;fSk; ehk; nra;tJ Nghy; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W epidg;gJ jtwhdJ.  gpw fyhr;rhuj;ij rhh;e;jth;fs; gy E}w;whz;Lfs; fle;Nj jq;fs; #o;epiyf;F vJ ey;yJ vd;gij fw;wpUf;fpwhh;fs;. vy;yh fyhr;rhuj;jpYk; ey;yJ – nfl;lJ ,Uf;fpwJ.  Mifahy; gpw fyhr;rhuj;ij khw;Wtjw;Fk;> Vsdkhf NgRtjw;Fk; Kd; ehk; Qhdkhf rpe;jpj;J nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.

          rpy fyhr;rhuq;fspy; rpy jPa gof;ftof;fq;fs; ,Uf;fj;jhd; nra;fpwJ.  Nuhkh; 1:18-32 thrpf;Fk; NghJ flTis epuhfhpj;j rKjhaj;ij Fwpj;J ghh;f;fyhk;.  mth;fs; gpd;gw;wpa Nkhrkhd mopTf;NfJthd gof;ftof;fq;fisAk; fhzyhk;. mg;.15y; vUrNyk; kd;wk; $baNghJ a+jh;> a+juy;yhNjhh;F ,ilNa thf;Fthjk; Vw;gl;lJ. mJ vd;dntd;why;É NkhNrapd; rl;lk; $Wk;; tpUj;jNrjdk; GwNjrj;jtUf;F Njitah> Njitapy;iyah vd;gNj MFk;.  a+juy;yhNjhh; ,NaRit Vw;Wf;nfhz;l NghJ mth;fs; kPJ a+j fyhr;rhuk; rpy a+jh;fshy; jpzpf;fg;gl;lJ> mjid tpthjpj;J  me;j kd;wk; a+j ghuk;gupaj;ij jpzpf;f Kad;w fpwp];jth;fSf;F vjpuhfNt KbT vLj;jJ.

4. gioa Vw;ghL – gy;ypd fyhr;rhu RtpNr~ gzpf;F mbg;gil

          gioa Vw;ghl;by; kp~d; vd;gJ gy;ypdk; fle;j gzpahfNt ngUk;ghYk; ,Ue;jJ. Mjp 1-ia thrpf;Fk; NghJ kp~d; vd;w thh;j;ijapd; mbg;gilia ghh;f;fyhk;. Njtd; guNyhfj;ij fle;J (te;J) gilg;gpd; nraiy nra;jhu;. NkYk; mq;Nf jhd; RtpNr~ gzpAk; Muk;gkhdJ (Mjp 3:15).  flTNs vy;yhiuAk; gilj;jth; vd;w $w;W> flTis vy;yhUk; njhOJ nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w mthpd; tpUg;gj;ij fhl;LfpwJ.  RtpNr~k; mwptpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w kdpjdpd; jhfj;jhy; kl;Lk; RtpNr~  gzp njhlq;ftpy;iy.  khwhf> kp~d; NjtDila Kf;fpakhd jpl;lkhFk;. mJ gilg;gpd; %ykhf ntspg;gl;lJ. gioa Vw;ghl;bd; trdq;fs; vy;yhk; flTspd; tpUg;gkhd> vy;yh kf;fSk; mtiu mwpa Ntz;Lk;> njhOJ nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gij fhl;LfpwJ. mJNt Mz;ltupd; Copaj;jpl;lkhFk;.

rq;. 117: 1y; “[hjpfNs> vy;yhUk; fh;j;jiu JjpAq;fs;> [dq;fNs> vy;yhUk; mtiug; Nghw;Wq;fs;…” vd;W $WfpwJ. mJ flTspd; kfpikia g+Nyhfj;jhh; Nfl;f Ntz;Lk;.  Njtd; xU FOit (kf;fisÆ Njrj;ij) njupe;njLj;J> mjpNy te;J> xU fyhr;rhuj;ij Nrh;e;J> mthpd; gzpf;F mjhtJ gy;ypd kf;fs; gzpf;F jd;id <LgLj;jpdhh;.  tpOe;j MjhNkhL fu;j;ju; Ngr Kay;tJk;> re;jpf;f NeupLtJk; Proto Mission (Proto Evangelion) MFk;. ,jd; %yk; fu;j;ju; fPNo tpOe;j kdpjid kPz;Lk; jd;NdhL njhlh;G nfhs;fpwtdhf cUthf;f Kad;whh;. ,JNt Njtdpd; kp~d; gzpf;F rhd;W !

4.1 ,];uNty; %ykhf vy;yh kf;fisAk; MrPh;tjpg;gJ flTspd; $w;W:

          g+kpapYs;s kf;fs; midtUk; cd; %ykhf MrPh;tjpf;fg;gLthh;fs;. Mjp.12:3>18:18>22:18 vd;w trdq;fs; MgpufhNkhL Njtd; gz;zpa cld;gbf;ifiaf; $WfpwJ. mJjhd; cyf RtpNr~ gzp. mJNt gy;ypd kf;fSf;fhd RtpNr~ gzpj;jpl;lk;.  Njtd; Mgpufhik nghpa [hjpahf;FNtd; vd;W thf;F nfhLf;fpwhh;.  NkYk;  mtUila ngaUk; ngUik milAk; vd;W nrhy;fpwhu;. Mjpahfkk; 17y; Mgpuhk; vd;w ngaiu Mgpufhk; vd;W khw;WtJ Mjpahfkk; 12y; nrhy;yg;gl;l MrPh;thjq;fs; gpd; re;jjpapdUf;F gue;J fpilf;fTkÉ; mJ fyhr;rhuq;fs; fle;J nry;y $bajhAk; ,Uf;fpwJ. 

          Mjp 17:4>5y; [hjpfspd; jfg;gd; vd;w ngah; NjtNdhL nra;j cld;gbf;ifAk;> mJ gpd;re;jjpapdNuhLk; Njtd; nra;j cld;gbf;if vd;Wk; mwpa KbfpwJ (t.7). Njtd; xU fyhr;rhuj;ij gpd;gw;wpd Mgpufhik njhpe;njLj;jhh;> MrPh;tjpj;jhh>; vdpDk; NjtDila nra;jpiaAk; MrPh;thjj;ijAk; kw;w fyhr;rhuj;jpw;F nfhz;L nry;y Mgpufhk; miof;fg;gl;lhu;. ,NaR nfhLj;j Kf;fpa fl;lis> Njtd; MgpufhNkhNl nra;j cld;gbf;ifia kPz;Lk; typAWj;Jtjhf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W Missiologist fUJfpwhu;fs;.

4.2 ,];uNty;- kp~dhp gzp nra;a njhpe;njLf;fg;gl;l Njrk;

          Mjpahfkk; kpf njspthf vLj;Jiug;gJ> thf;Fj;jj;jk; gz;zg;gl;l MrPh;thjq;fs; Mgpufhk; fhyj;NjhL epiwT ngWtjpy;iy.  khwhf vy;yh kf;fSf;Fk; mJ nrd;wila Ntz;Lk;.  Mjp.26:5 “….cd; re;jjpf;Fs; g+kpapYs;s rfy [hjpfSk; (Njrq;fSk;) MrPh;tjpf;fg;gLk;”.  NkYk; Mjp.28:14y; Njtd; <rhf;Fld;> mth; Kd;G MgpufhKld; gz;zpa cld;gbf;ifia GJgpf;fpwhh;. mjpy; “tk;rq;fs; vy;yhk;…” vd;w thh;j;ijia Njtd; gad;gLj;Jfpwhh;. Mjp.28:15-16 ahf;NfhNghLk; Njtd; cld;gbf;if gz;zpdhh;. Njtd; Mgpufhk; kw;Wk; ,];uNtiy njhpe;njLj;jJ KO cyfj;ijAk; fUjpNa. mth; ,];uNtNyhL neUq;fp cwthLtJ mtUf;F KO cyfj;jpd; kPJ chpik cs;sJ vd;gij fhl;LfpwJ. ,e;j cyfj;NjhL Ngr xU ,dk; Njitg;gl;lJ.  ,];uNtyu;> gy;ypdk; fle;j RtpNr~ gzpf;F miof;fg;gl;ldh;.

jhtPJ rq;.96:3y; “…rfy [dq;fSf;Fs;Sk; mtUila kfpikia tpthpj;J nrhy;Yq;fs;”. NkYk; rq;.67:1 “…vy;yh [hjpfSf;Fs;Sk; ck;Kila ,ul;rzpaKk; tpsq;Fk;gbaha;….” vd;W KO cyfj;jpw;Fk; ,ul;rpg;ig Fwpj;J tpthpf;fpwhh;. ,JNghy; gy trdq;fs; cyfj;ij Fwpj;J NjtDila ,Uja tpUg;gj;ij Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.  Vrhah 49:6y; thrpf;Fk; NghJ “…ePu; g+kpapd; filrp ghpae;jKk; vd;Dila ,ul;rpg;ghapUf;Fk;gb> ck;ik [hjpfSf;F xspahfTk; itg;Ngd;” vd;fpwhh;. Nkw;nrhd;d vy;yh NtjgFjpfSk; gy;ypdk; fle;j RtpNr~ gzpia Fwpj;Jk; Njtdpd; rpj;jj;ij Fwpj;Jk; tpthpf;fpwJ. ,];uNtyh; mbikfshf ,Ue;jhYk; mth;fs; kw;wth;fSf;F Njtdpd; ,ul;rpg;ig nrhy;y Ntz;Lk; (gpw fyhr;rhu v[khdh;fSf;F) vd;gjw;F Ntjhfkj;jpy; gy rhd;Wfs; ,Uf;fpwJ. Njtd;> vg;gb jd; kf;fis nfhz;L gpw ,dj;jth;f;F jd; md;igAk;> topelj;JjiyAk;> jpl;lj;ijAk; ntspg;gLj;jpdhh; vd;gij rpy rhd;Wfs; %yk; ghh;g;Nghk;.

4.3 NahNrg;G – eph;thf gzpahsh;Æ eph;thf kp~dup

          vfpg;Jk; mjpd; fyhr;rhuKk; NahNrg;G kPJ jpzpf;fg;gl;lJ. mtDf;F mitfis gpd;gw;whky; ,Uf;f NtW topapy;iy. ghh;Nthd; NahNrg;Gf;F vfpg;jpah;fs; Nghy; cilnfhLj;J> mtdpd; ,uz;lhk; ,ujj;ijAk; nfhLj;J> cah;e;j gjtp nfhLj;J vfpg;jpaid Nghy; khw;wp kf;fs; midtUk; mtiu kjpf;f nra;jhh;.  mtDf;F vfpg;jpa ngah; nfhLj;jhh;.  vfpg;jpa Mrhhpadpd; kfshd M];ehj;ij NahNrg;Gf;F kidtpahf nfhLj;J vfpg;jpa fyhr;rhuj;ij jpzpf;fpd;whh;.  mtd; jpUkzj;jpw;F gpd;G vfpg;jpa fyhr;rhuj;ij gpd;gw;w njhlq;fpdhd; vd;gij mtd; gps;isfspd; ngah; #l;Lk; epfo;r;rpapy; ghh;f;fyhk;. kdhNr> “Njtd; vd; je;ijapd; tPl;ilAk;> f~;lj;ijAk; kwf;f nra;jhh;”> vg;gpuhaPk;> ‘Njtd; ehd; xLf;fg;gl;l Njrj;jpNy fdpnfhLf;f nra;jhh;.” ,J  NahNrg;G vfpg;ij  jd; Njrkhf fUjpdhd; vd;gij mwpa KbfpwJ. 

Mjp.45y; jd; rNfhjuh;fs; kw;Wk; ngw;Nwhh; MfpNahUld; ,ize;jhYk; mtd; jd; milahsj;ij kiwf;ftpy;iy.  mth;fis rpW $l;lkhf fUjpdhd; (45:7). NkYk; vfpg;jpaUf;F vgpNuah;fs; (ML Nka;g;gth;fs;) mUtUg;ghdth;fs; MfNt mth;fis NfhNrdpNy jq;f itf;fpwhd;.  NahNrg;G jd; vgpNua FLk;gj;jhNuhL neUq;fpa cwT nfhs;shky; vfpg;jpaNuhL jq;fpapUe;jhd;.  NahNrg;G jd; gzpf;fhyk; epiwtile;j gpd;Gk; $l NfhNrdpy; jq;ftpy;iy.  mtd; khpj;j NghJ mtd; rhPuk; vfpg;jpNyNa ghJfhf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; ahf;Nfhgpd; cly; jd; %jhijaUila ,lj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;lJ.  xU khWgl;l fyhr;rhuk; cila kf;fs; kj;jpapy;> Njtd; NahNrg;ig jd; jhprd jpl;lj;ij tpsf;fTk;> vjph;fhyj;jpl;lj;ij jPh;khdpf;fTk; mtid nghpa jiytdhf;fpdhu;.

Fwpg;G: NahNrg;Gf;F Njtd; thf;Fj;jj;jk; gz;zpd Njrj;ij Fwpj;j ek;gpf;if cz;L.  vdNt jd; rhPuj;ij vLj;J nfhz;LNghf nrhd;dhh;.

4.4 ehfkhdpd; Ntiyf;fhug;ngz; – gy;ypd fyhr;rhu ngz; kp~dhp  (2,uh[. 5: 1-19)

          Kd;G nrhy;yg;gl;lJ Nghy; gioa Vw;ghl;by; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; Njtdpd; cz;ikahd Copaf;fhuh;fs; NeubahfNth kiwKfkhfNth RtpNr~j;ij md;dpa Njrj;jpy; mwptpj;jdh;.  jdp egh;fspd; tpRthrk;> gpw fyhr;rhuj;ij> gpw ek;gpf;if cs;s kf;fsplk; RtpNr~ gzp nra;Ak; Njtdpd; jpl;lj;ij Ghpe;J nfhs;s nra;fpwJ.  Nkw;nfhLf;fg;gl;l NtjgFjpapy; ngah; nrhy;yg;glhj Ntiyf;fhu mbik ngz; gw;wp fhzyhk;.  mtSf;F Njtd; kPJ mjPj tpRthrk; cz;L. mjdhy; jd; v[khid ,];uNtypy; ,Uf;Fk; jPh;f;fjhprpaplk; nry;y nrhd;dhs;. Ntw;W rka ek;gpf;if> Ntw;W fyhr;rhuj;ij gpd;gw;wpdhYk; ehfkhd;> vyprh jPH;f;fjhprpia ghh;f;f nrd;whd;.  vyprh mtid ejpapNy %o;f nrhd;d NghJ mtd; epuhfhpj;jhd;. Vndd;why; mtd; ek;gpf;if jLj;jJÉ mtd; topgLk; nja;tKk;> mtd; ehl;by; cs;s ejpAk; kpf GdpjkhdJ vd;W vz;zpdhd;. filrpahf Njtid tpRthrpj;J ,];uNtypd; Njtid jtpu NtW xUtiu Muhjpg;gjpy;iy vd;W mwpf;if nra;jhd;.

4.5 Nahdh – gy;ypd fyhr;rhuj;ij Ghpe;J nfhs;shj kp~dhp

          Njtd; vgpNua jPh;f;fjhprpahd Nahdhit mrPupahtpd; jiyefukhd epdpNt gl;lzj;jpw;F kde;jpUk;Gk; RtpNr~k; mwptpf;f mDg;gpdhh;.  vjw;fhf mDg;gpdhh; vd;why;> ,];uNtyhpd; tpNuhjpfisAk;  Njtd; ,ul;rpf;f tpUk;Gfpwhh; vd;gij tpsf;;fNt. Nahdhtpd; epuhfhpg;G> ,];uNtiy Nghy; Njtd; gpw fyhr;rhu kf;fisAk; MrPh;tjpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;ijAk; epuhfhpf;fpwJ. ,];uNty; Mgpufhkpd; %yk; Njtdpd; MrPh;thjq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhYk;> mtupd; md;Gk;> fpUigAk; kw;w kf;fSk; (Ntw;W fyhr;rhuj;ij gpd;gw;Wfpw kf;fSk;) ngw;W nfhs;thh;fs;> nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ mtupd; jpl;lk;.  Njtd; jPik nra;fpd;w kf;fis mjpfkhf Nerpf;fpwhh; vd;gJ NahdhTf;F fbdkhf ,Ue;jJ. Nahdh Njt jpl;lj;ij kWg;gJ> mtupd;  ,ul;rz;a jpl;lk;> Ntw;W ek;gpf;ifÆ fyhr;rhu kf;fisAk; cs;slf;fpaJ vd;w chpikia jLg;gjhFk;.

          nyrpq; (Lessing)  vd;gtu; epdpNt kf;fs; Njtid tpRthrpj;jhy;> ,ul;rpf;fg;gLNthk; vd;W ek;gpdhh;fs; vd;gjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. ,e;j gioa Vw;ghl;L NtjgFjp Ntw;W fyhr;rhuj;ij gpd;gw;Wfpwth;fs; MgpufhKf;F Njtd; nfhLj;j thf;Fj;jj;jj;jpy; gq;F cs;sth;fs; vd;gij tpthpf;fpwJ. Mdhy; epdpNt gl;lzj;jpd; kf;fs; kdk; jpUk;gpdh; vd;w nra;jp NahdhTf;F kfpo;r;rpia juhky;> Njtdplj;jpypUe;J epdpNtf;F mopTtutpy;iy vd;W Fiwfhz Kad;whd;. MfNt Nahdhit Njtd; fbe;J nfhs;fpwhh; RaeyKk;> jaf;fKk; mtd; Njtjpl;lj;ij epiwNtw;w jilahapUe;jJ.  Nahdh Njtdpd; ,Uja tpUg;gj;ij njspthf Gupatpy;iy vd;gjw;fhf fbe;J  nfhs;sg;gl;lhh;.  Njtdpd; tpUg;gKk;> ,ja thQ;irAk; njspthf nrhy;tJ> mthpd; RtpNr~ gzp vy;yh kf;fSf;FkhdJ> mJ mtuhy; njhpe;Jnfhs;sg;gl;l kf;fs; %ykhf ele;Njw Ntz;Lk;.  Njtd; epdpNt gl;lzj;J kf;fis mjpf fhpridNahL ghh;j;jhh;.  Mdhy; Nahdh mt;thW nra;atpy;iy.

          Nahdhtpd; tho;T %yk;> Ntjhfkj;jpy; kiwe;jpUf;fpw xU fUj;J njspthf ntspg;gLfpwJ. mJ ahnjdpy;> ek; Njtd; kp~dhp Njtd;> mth; tpUg;gk; vd;dntd;why; mth; gps;isfSk; kp~dupfshf khwNtz;Lk; vd;gNj> xU fyhr;rhuj;ij njhpe;J nfhz;L> Njtd; mthpd; md;ig kw;w fyhr;rhu kf;fSf;F nfhz;L nry;fpd;whh;.  Nfa;ru; (Kaiser) ,t;thW nrhy;fpwhh;> Njtd; xU a+jid njhpe;J nfhz;L NtW fyhr;rhu kf;fsplk; gzp nra;a mDg;gpdhh;.  Nahdhtpd; epakdk;> miog;GÉ mtu; ,];uNtYf;F Njtdpd; ,Uja tpUg;gj;ij njhptpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ jhd;. NkYk; Njtd; kw;w kf;fisAk;> mjhtJ ,];uNty; FLk;gj;jpw;F ntspNa cs;sth;fs; kPJk; fhpridAs;stuhf ,Uf;fpwhh; vd;W ehk; mwpe;J nfhs;s nra;fpwJ. mt;tpjj;jpy; Nahdh gy;ypdk; fle;J kp~dup gzp nra;a Ntz;bajhapw;W !

4.6 jhdpNay; – NguuR kp~dhpÆ murit kp~dhp

          jhdpNaypd; G];jfk; KOtJk; fyhr;rhu mk;rq;fs; epiwe;jJ. mJ: Njtd; fyhr;rhuj;ij> jd;Dila ,ul;rpf;Fk; jpl;lj;ij gy;ypd fyhr;rhu #oypy; gad;gLj;Jfpwhh; vd;W $WfpwJ. jhdpNay; Njtid Fwpj;J NtWrka ek;gpf;ifAila ,uh[htpd;Kd; mth;fspd; nkhop> fyhr;rhu topfs; %yk; rhl;rp gfph;e;jhd;. jhd; ,Uf;fpw Njrj;jpd; fyhr;rhuj;ij Fwpj;J jhdpNay; ed;F mwpe;J itj;jpUe;jhd;. mtd; jd; fyhr;rhuj;jpypUe;J NtW fyhr;rhuj;jpw;F khw eph;g;ge;jpf;fg;gl;lhd;.  me;j #o;epiyapYk; jd; Njtid Nrtpf;fTk;> rhl;rp gfpuTk; nra;jhd; Nrhjidfs; $l mtid khw;wKbatpy;iy.

mtd; me;j ehl;bd; nkhopia fw;whd;> ghgpNyhdpa> ngh;rPa rkak; kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuq;fis gy Neuq;fspy; mtd; vjph;nfhs;s Neh;e;jJ.  mtd; jd;Dila rka milahsj;ij kpfTk; fbdkhd xU Gjpa khWgl;l fyhr;rhu #oypy; Njtid gw;wp rhl;rpgfpuTk;> mNj Neuj;jpy; ,uh[hf;fNshL njhlh;Gila fyhr;rhuj;jpw;F vjpuhf nray;glhky; ,Uf;fghLgl;lhh;. me;j ,lj;jpy; mtd; Njtid kpfTk; cWjpahf gpd;gw;wpdhd;.  jhdpNaYf;F Gjpa fyhr;rhuk; mjph;r;rpia nfhLj;jJ rka neUf;fbAk; ,Ue;jJ.

jhdpNaYf;Fk; mtd; ez;gh;fSf;Fk; ghgpNyhdpa  nja;tq;fspd; ngah;fs; jpzpf;fg;gl;ld (jhdpNay;-ngy; nj~hj;rhh;> mddpah–rhj;uhf;> kP~hNty;-Nk~hf;> mrhpahTf;F-MNgj;NeNfh vd;W kWngahpl;lhd; (1:6>7)). jhdpNay; kw;Wk; mtupd; ez;gu;fis mth;fspd; fyhr;rhuk; rka ek;gpf;iffspy; ,Ue;J khw;Wtjw;fhfNt me;j ngau;fs; khw;wg;gl;ld. cz;ikahfNt ngah;fs; jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;j milahsk; jhd;> mJ ek;ik NtW fyhr;rhuk;> mikg;G kw;Wk; xOq;F Mfpaitfspy; ,Ue;J NtWgLj;Jk;. ehd;F rpiwthrpfSf;Fk; ghgpNyhdpa ngah;fs; #l;baJ ghgpNyhdpah;fs; miog;gjw;Fk;> mth;fNshL ey;YwT nfhs;sTk; cjtpahf ,Ue;jJ. me;j Gjpa ngah;fs; jhdpNaiyAk; mtd; ez;gh;fisAk; Gjpa fyhr;rhuj;ij vz;zpf;nfhs;s vspjhf ,Ue;jJ.  Gjpa ngah;fs; #l;baNj mth;fis ghgpNyhdpa nja;t topghl;bw;F jpUg;gTk; (1:7)> ghgpNyhdpa fyhr;rhuj;NjhL ,izaTNk.

          jhdpNay; ,uh[htpd; jpl;lj;jpw;F vjph;g;ig fhl;bdhd; vd;gij czT gof;fj;jpy; gpujpgypj;jJ.  ,e;j czT gpur;rid ,uz;L fyhr;rhu> rkaq;fSf;fpilNa gpsT Vw;gLj;Jk; #o;epiy cUthf;fpaJ. ,ij rhpnra;a mth; Nghuhl;lk; elj;jtpy;iy> khwhf Nfhhpf;if itj;jhh;.  jhdpNay; jd; jdpj;jd;ikia Njtdpd; gps;isfNshL ,ize;J> kf;fSf;fhfTk; vUrNyKf;fhfTk; n[gpj;J czT rlq;fpy; ,Ue;J tpyfp ,Ue;jhd;. MdhYk; mtd; ngaupy; ghgpNyhdpadhf mwpag;gl;lhd;> milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;lhd;. mth; ghgpNyhdpa kf;fNshL milahsg;gLj;jpajd; %yk;> me;j #o;epiyia ed;F gad;gLj;jp guNyhfj;jpd; Njtid Fwpj;J rhl;rp gfph;e;jhd;.

jhdpNay; fyhr;rhu milahsq;fis itj;J kf;fNshL njhlh;G nfhz;lhd;. me;j milahsq;fs; vy;yhuhYk; ed;F mwpag;gl;lJ> ,itfis itj;J Njtd; cz;ikfis tpsf;f jhdpNaiy gad;gLj;jpdhh;. kf;fspd; fyhr;rhuk;> milahsq;fs; (symbols) kw;Wk; tbtq;fs; (forms) Fwpj;J NjtDk;> jhdpNaYk; ed;F mwpe;jjhy; mth;fs; vspjhf njhlh;G nfhs;s Kbe;jJ.  Njtd; jhdpNay; kw;Wk; mthpd; ez;gh;fis jd; nrhe;j [dj;ij (Judah) tpl;L kw;wth;fSf;F rhl;rp gfpu topelj;jpdhh;.

4.7. Njthyak; – gy;ypdk; fle;j RtpNr~g; gzpapd; ikak;

gioa Vw;ghl;bd; fhyj;jpYk;> ,NaRtpd; Copa ehl;fspYk; Njthyak; êj kf;fspd; tho;f;ifNahL kpFe;j njhlu;Gilajhf ,Ue;jJ. rhNyhNkhd; Njthya gpujp~;ilapd; NghJ 1,uh[h 8:59y; “fh;j;jNu Njtd;> NtnwhUth; ,y;iynad;W g+kpapd; [dq;fnsy;yhk; mwpAk;gbahf…” vd;gjpd; %yk;> Njthyak; vy;yh kf;fSf;Fk; chpa ,lk; mJ vgpNuah;fSf;F khj;jpukhdjy;y vd;W $Wfpwhh;. Vrhah 56:7y; “…vd;Dila tPL rfy [dq;fSf;Fk; n[gtPL vdg;gLk;” vd;W jPu;f;fjuprp Njthyak; êj kf;fSf;F kl;Lk; cupajy;y khwhf vy;yhUf;FkhdJ vd;gij Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. ,NaR Njthyak; nrd;wNghJ mq;F êju; my;yhjtu; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwhu;fs; vd;gij ghu;j;J. filfis mfw;wp “…vd;Dila tPL rfy [dq;fSf;Fk; n[g tPL vd;W vOjp ,Uf;fpwNj…” vd;gjpd; %yk; mtu; Njthyak; fyhr;rhuk; fle;J vy;yh kf;fSf;Fk; chpaJ vd Gupaitf;f Kaw;rpf;fpwhu;.  

5. ,NaR – guNyhfj;jpy; ,Ue;J te;j kp~dhp

          kj;.12:41-42y; NahdhtpYk;> rhNyhNkhdpYk; nghpatiu Njtd; mDg;gpdhh; vd;W ghh;f;fpNwhk;. kj;NjA ,NaRitg; gw;wp nrhy;Yk; NghJ jhtPjpd; Fkhud;> Mgpufhkpd; Fkhud; (1:1) vd;W nrhy;yp MgpufhNkhL Njtd; Vw;gLj;jpd cld;gbf;ifia epidT $h;e;jhh;.  MdhYk;> tk;r tuyhw;wpy; vgpNuauy;yhj kf;fSk; ,lk;gpbj;jdh;. vgpNua Mz;fspd; ngah;fSf;fpilapy; ngz;fspd; ngah;fis kj;NjA Fwpg;gpl;L Nkrpahthf te;j ,NaR vy;yh kf;fSf;Fk; chpath; vd;W fhl;Lfpwhh;.  NkYk; kj;NjA rh];jphpfspd; (2:1-11) NjLjiy Fwpj;J Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

,NaR fypNyah ehl;by; tsh;e;jhh; vd;W Fwpg;gpLtjpd; %yk; ,NaR vy;yh kf;fSf;Fk; chpath; vd;W mwpa KbfpwJ.  ,NaR thdj;jpy; jpBnud;W Njhd;wp> rpy ehl;fs; my;yJ rpy thuq;fs; g+kpapy; tho;e;J gpd; guNyhfj;jpw;F nrd;wth; my;y. khwhf ,e;j g+kpf;F mth; te;jhh;. KOtJkhf a+j fyhr;rhuj;jpy; czT cz;lhh;> gbj;jhh;> vgpNua-fpNuf;f-muNka nkhopfis Ngrpdhu;. Milfs; cLj;jpdhh; me;j fyhr;rhuj;jpd; vy;yh rlq;FfisAk;> newpfisAk; jtwhky; gpd;gw;wpdhh;.

          ,NaR gpw fyhr;rhu kf;fNshL goFtij Nahthd; 4:7-26y; ghh;f;fyhk;. NkYk; vUrNykpy; ,Ue;J a+Njah> rkhhpah Nghd;w gl;lzq;fSf;F mtu; nrd;W gzpnra;jhu; vd;W ghh;f;fyhk;. Nahthd; RtpNr~j;jpy; ,NaR fyhr;rhu jilfis jfh;j;J nrd;W RtpNr~k; nrhd;dhh; vd;gJ njspthf nrhy;yg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.  mth; rkhhpah topia ed;F mwpe;jpUe;jhh;. me;j kf;fs; a+jh;fis ntWf;fpwth;fs; vd;gijAk; ed;F mwpe;jpUe;jhh;.  mth; vLj;j Gjpa Copa Af;jpahdJ fyhr;rhu ghugl;rq;fis fle;J nry;y Neh;e;jJ.  ,NaRtpd; ,e;j nray; (rkhhpah top nry;Yjy;) gpw fyhr;rhuq;fs; Fwpj;J mtUf;F ,Ue;j jpwe;j kdKk;> mth;fis re;jpf;Fk; gz;Gk; Njtdpd; jpl;lj;ij epiwNtw;Wtjhf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,J ,d;iwa kp~dhpfSf;F Njit vd;gij czh;j;JfpwJ. ,JNt gy;ypd fle;J gzpahw;Wtjw;F Vw;w Kd;khjpup nrayhFk;.

          vy;yh RtpNr~ G];jfj;jpYk; ,NaR gy ,d fyhr;rhu kf;fNshL nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;G gw;wp Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.  khw;F 7:24-30 rPNuh Ngdpf;fpah ngz;kzpNahL mth; NgRfpwhh;. mts; fpNuf;f fyhr;rhuj;ijg; gpd;gw;Wfpwts;> jPUgl;lzk; a+juy;yhjth;fs; epiwe;j gFjp. Mdhy; mth;fs; a+j kf;fNshL neUq;fp tho;e;J te;jdh;. mtNshL ,NaR Ngrpajhy;> rP~u;fs; kw;Wk; gpwUf;F mtsJ ,d kf;fs; Nky; ,Ue;j jtwhd vz;zj;ij khw;w Kaw;rp nra;jhh;. ,NaRthdtu; me;j ngz;kzpaplk; jd; fyhr;rhuj;ij tpl;L (Gentile) ntspNaw nrhy;ytpy;iy> khwhf vy;yh fyhr;rhuj;ij Nru;e;j kf;fSk;; mtiu Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwhh;fs; vd;w vz;zj;ij Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;bdhu;. 

NkYk; mth;> a+jh;fs; jhq;fs; Mgpufhkpd; gps;isfs; vd;Wk;> mtu; %yk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l fyhr;rhu ngUikiaAk;> gpw kf;fis Vsdkhf fUJtijf; Fwpj;Jk; vr;rupj;J> Mgpufhkpd; gps;isfs; vd;gJ vy;yh kf;fisAk; cs;slf;fpaJ vd;W Rl;bfhl;bdhh;. khw;.5> Y}f;.8 Mfpa NtjgFjpfspy; fjNudu; ehl;L fly; mUfpy; tho;e;j gprhR gpbj;j kdpjid Fzkhf;fpdhh;. Nuhk E}w;Wf;F mjpgjpapd; NtiyfhuDf;F Rfk; nfhLj;J> a+juy;yhjth;fs;> MgpufhNkhNl ge;jpapUg;ghh;fs; vd;W Gfo;e;J Ngrpdhh; (kj;.8:11). ,it vy;yhtw;iwAk; ghh;f;Fk; NghJ mth; fyhr;rhu jilfis fle;J Njtdpd; md;ig ntspg;gLj;jpdhh; vd;gJ njspthfpwJ.

6.mg;Ngh];jy elgbfs; – gy;ypd fyhrhu Copaj;jpw;fhd Af;jpfs; mlq;fpa G];jfk;

          ,g;G];jfj;jpy;> RtpNr~k; a+j fyhr;rhuj;ij tpl;L fle;J gpw fyhr;rhuq;fisAk; nrd;wile;jJ vd;gij ehk; mwpayhk; (mg;.1:8). ,NaRtpd; thf;Fj;jj;jk; g+kpapd; filrp ghpae;jk; RtpNr~k; nrd;wila Ntz;Lk; vd;w ,iwjpl;lk; vg;gb ele;NjwpaJ vd;W ,g;G];jfj;jpy; fhzyhk;. Fsj;jpy; xU fy;iy ,l;lhy; vg;gb rpW miyfs; cUthfp me;j Fsk; KOtJk; gutp nry;fpwNjh mJNghyNt ,NaRit Fwpj;j rhl;rpAk; mtiu gpd;gw;Wfpwth;fshy; gy ,lq;fSf;F gy ,d fyhr;rhu kf;fSf;F nrd;wile;jJ.

6.1.nge;NjNfh];Nj ehs; – Njtdpd; cyfshtpa Copa jpl;lj;jpd; ehs;.

mg;Ngh];jyh; 2-Mk; mjpfhuj;jpy; kpf njspthf ehk; ghh;g;gJ RtpNr~k; gy ,d fyhr;rhu kf;fsplj;jpy; vt;thW nrd;wJ vd;gNj.  ghpRj;j Mtpapdhy; epug;gg;gl;lNghJ RtpNr~j;ij gy nkhopfspy; kf;fs; Nfl;lhh;fs;. ,e;j nray; ekf;F mwpTWj;JtJ RtpNr~k; xU fyhr;rhuj;jpw;F xU ehl;bw;F kl;LNk cilajy;y. mij vy;yh kf;fSk; Nfl;Fk;gb nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,JNt ve;j jiyKiwapdUk; RtpNr~ gzp nra;a mbg;gilahFk;. ,NaRtpd; rP~h;fs; cgj;jputg;gl;L rpjwbf;fg;gl;L gy ,lq;fSf;F nrd;w NghJ RtpNr~k; gy fyhr;rhu kf;fis nrd;wile;jJ (mg;.8:1-4).

6.2.gpypg;G – cld; gazk;  nra;j kp~dhpÆgazp kp~dhp

mg;.8y; a+j fyhr;rhuj;ij gpd;gw;Wfpw gpypg;G RtpNr~j;ij rkhupah kf;fSf;F vLj;Jiuj;jhu;.  (mg;8:4-25) rkhupau;fs;> a+jh;fshy; fPohdth;fs; vd;W fUjg;gl;lhh;fs;> MfNt ,e;j Kaw;rp rpwe;jNj. rkhhpah;fspd; Mtiy ehk; ghh;f;Fk; NghJ> NjtDk; ,e;j jpl;lj;ij tpUk;Gfpwhh; vd;gij fhzyhk;.  NkYk; gpypg;G vj;jpNahg;gpa ke;jphpaplk; ciuahLtjd; %yk; RtpNr~k; kw;nwhU fyhr;rhuj;jpw;Fs; nrd;wJ vd;gijAk; mwpayhk;.

vj;jpNahg;gpahtpy; tho;gth;fs; fUikahd Njhy; epwj;ijAilath;fs;> a+j fyhr;rhuj;ij  gpd;gw;whjth;fs;. mNj Neuk; mth;fs; ,];uNtypd; Njtid cz;ikahf NjLfpwth;fshf ,Ue;jhu;fs; vd;gij vUrNykpy; njhOif Kbj;Jtpl;L nry;Yk; vj;jpNahg;gpa ke;jpup %yk; mwpayhk; (mg;.8:26-39). gpypg;G mtiu re;jpj;J mtu; thrpj;J nfhz;bUe;j Ntjhfk gFjpia tpsf;Ffpwhh;. mjd; tpisthf mg;Ngh];jyh; elgbfs; G];jfj;jpy; Kjy; a+juy;yhjth; ,NaRit Vw;Wf;nfhz;lij fhzyhk;. ,dk;> fyhr;rhuk; kw;Wk; Gtpapay; jilfs; ,NaRit Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F jilay;y vd;gJ Gyg;gLfpwJ.

Fwpg;G: gpypg;G Mjprigapd; Kjy; gy;ypdk; fyhr;rhuk; fle;J  gzpahw;wpa kp~dhp vdyhk;.

6.3.NgJU – jaq;fpa kp~dhp

mg;. 10 kw;Wk; 11 Mfpait RtpNr~k; gy fyhr;rhuj;jpy; kf;fis <h;j;jJ vd;W tpsf;FfpwJ. nfhh;NeypATk; mtd; tPl;lhUk; NgJU %ykhf RtpNr~j;ij mwpe;jdh;. ,J a+jh; kw;Wk; a+juy;yhNjhh; Njtdpd; FLk;gkhk; rigapy; te;jij fhl;LfpwJ.  mNjNeuk; NgJU fz;l jhprdk; %yk; gpw fyhr;rhuk; Fwpj;J njspT ngw;whd;.  Njtd; jhprdk; (mg;.10:9-16) %yk;; mRj;jkhdth;fs; vd vtUkpy;iy vd;gij njspTgLj;Jfpwhh;. mtd; tpUk;ghj #oypYk;> Njtd; gl;rghjKs;sth; my;y> vy;yh fyhr;rhuj;ijAk; Vw;Wnfhs;fpwhh; vd;gJ mtUf;F Ghpe;jJ.

gpd;dhspy; gTy; nrhy;Yk; NghJ> NgJU A+ju;fisf; fz;L gae;J gpw kf;fNshL cztUe;Jtij epWj;jptpl;lhh; (mg;.10:34-35> fyh.2:11-12). ,e;j ,uz;L NtjgFjpfSk; NgJU gy;ypdk; fle;j RtpNr~ gzpf;F jaq;fpdhd;> jilahf ,Ue;jhd; vd fhl;Lfpd;wd. Vndd;why; mtd; kw;wth;fis Rj;jkpy;yhjth;fs; vd;W vz;zpdhd;. mtd; Njtdpd; cyfshtpa Copajpl;lj;ij Ghpe;J nfhs;Stjpy; Njhw;Wtpl;lhh; vd;gij fhl;LfpwJ.

6.4.me;jpNahfpah rig – gy;ypdk; fle;j RtpNr~ gzp nra;j rig

me;jpNahfpah rig gy;ypdk; fle;j kf;fs; RtpNr~j;ij Vw;W nfhz;lhu;fs; vd;gjw;F rhd;W (mg;.11:19-26). ,e;j rig gy;ypd fyhr;rhu kf;fshy; cUthdJ. a+jh;fs;-a+juy;yhNjhh; Nrh;e;J Njtid njhOjdh;> czT cz;ldh;. me;j rigNa gy;ypdk; fle;J gzpahw;Wk; kp~dhpfis mDg;gpa Kjy; rig. ghpRj;j Mtpapd; VTjyhy; mth;fs; gTy; kw;Wk; gh;dghit cyfshtpa RtpNr~ gzpf;F mDg;gpdh; (mg;.13:1-13).

6.5.gTy; – jpl;lkpl;L gzp nra;Ak; kp~dhp

gTy; jd; Copaj;jpy; gy fyhr;rhuk; rhh;e;j kf;fis re;jpj;jhh;.  gTy; Njtdpd; gzpj;jpl;lkhd ‘,NaRtpd; %yk; vy;yh kf;fSk; xd;wpizf;fg;gLfpNwhk;’ vd;w RtpNr~k; nrhy;y mh;g;gzpf;fg;gl;lth;.  mNj Neuk; RtpNr~k; gfph;tjpy; tisAk; jd;ikia filgpbj;jhh;.  gTy; me;jpNahfpahtpy; cs;s gprPjpah kf;fsplk; mjhtJ a+jh; kj;jpapy; Ngrpdhh; (mg;.13:13-43). mj;NjNd gl;lzj;jpy; gbj;j kf;fsplk; mth; RtpNr~k; gfph;fpwhh; (mg;.17:16-33). Kjy; ,lj;jpy;> gTy; a+jh;fs; ed;F njhpe;j jq;fSila %jhijaupd; tuyhw;wpd; %yk; RtpNr~k; gfph;fpwhh;>  vg;gb Njtd; ,];uNty; kf;fspd; tuyhw;wpy; nray;gl;lhh; vd;W tpsf;Ffpwhu;. mth; kWgbAk;> kWgbAk; ,NaR fpwp];Jtpy; gioa Vw;ghl;L jPh;f;fjhprdq;fs; epiwNtwpd vd;W $Wfpwhh;.

mj;NjNd gl;lzj;jpy; A+juy;yhjtu; ed;F mwpe;j thf;fpaj;jpd; %yk; RtpNr~k; nrhy;fpwhh;> ‘mwpaglhj NjtDf;F” vd;w thh;j;ijapd; %yk; guNyhfj;jpd; Njtidg; gw;wp nrhy;fpwhh;. NkYk; fpNuf;f jj;JtQhdpfspd; $w;iw Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;Lfpwhh;. Mdhy; mth; RtpNr~j;ij khw;wNth kWf;fNth mjd; rhuk;rj;ij Fiwf;fNth ,y;iy. mth; Njtd; ,NaRit kuzj;jpy; ,Ue;J vOg;gpdhh; vd;w ey;y nra;jpia nrhd;dhh; (17:31-32).

6.6.n[ghyak; – gy;ypdk; fle;j RtpN~g; gzpapd; ikak;

n[ghyak; A+j kf;fSf;fhd njOiff;$lkhf nray;gl;lJ. gpd; n[ghyak; gTy; fhyj;jpy; A+ju;-A+juy;yhjtu; $Lk; ,lkhf ,Ue;jJ. MfNt gy fyhr;rhuq;fis fle;J RtpNr~k; nry;y VJthd ikakhf ,Ue;jJ. mg;14:1-2y; gTy; n[ghyaj;jpy; A+ju;-A+juy;yhjtUf;F Nghjfk; gz;zp mNdfu; fpwp];Jit vw;Wf;nfhz;ldu; vd;W fhzyhk;. mg;17:1-4>13:14-50 Mfpa NtjgFjpfSk; n[ghyaj;jpy; A+ju;-A+juy;yhjtu;fs; $bapUe;jdu; vd;Wk;> A+juy;yhjtu;fs; ,NaRit Vw;Wf;nfhz;ldu; vd;Wk; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ  n[ghyak; gy;ypdk; fle;j RtpN~g; gzpapd; ikakhf ,Ue;jJ vd;gij mwpayhk;.  

7.ntspg;gLj;jpd tpNr~k; – cyf kf;fSf;F epiwTfhy kp~dup gzp

          gy E}w;whz;LfSf;F Kd;ghf NahthDf;F ntspg;gLj;jpd tpNr~k;> rKjhaj;jpYk; gy fyhr;rhuq;fspy; epiwT fhyj;ij Fwpj;j jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. mJ xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;F ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lhYk; cyf kf;fs; midtUk; ,iwtdpd; muir ,e;j cyfj;jpy; vjph;ghh;j;J ,Ug;gijNa fhl;LfpwJ.  ntsp.12:6>7y; Njtdpd; tpUg;gkhd vy;yh kf;fSf;Fk; RtpNr~j;ij mwptpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. mJNt gy;ypd fyhr;rhu RtpNr~ gzpf;fhd nray; jpl;lkhf ehk; ghh;f;fyhk;.

Fwpg;G: ,e;j G];jfj;jpy; nrhy;yg;gl;bUf;fpd;w VO rigfSk; a+juy;yhNjhh; epiwe;j rigfNs: mJ gy;ypd fyhr;rhu gzpapd; %yk; Vw;gl;lNj.

8.,e;jpahtpy; eilngw;w RtpNr~ gzp – gy;ypdk; fle;j gzpNa.

          ,e;jpahtpy; ,NaRtpd; rPluhd Njhkhtpdhy; (52AD) rig cUthf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gij tha;nkhop ghuk;ghpaq;fs; %yk; mwpayhk; (NtWg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fs; cz;L).  me;j tuyhW fijfshfTk;> ghly;fs; thapyhfTk; jiyKiwfis fle;J ghJfhf;fg; ngw;WtUfpwJ. kpf Mokhd Muha;r;rpapd; %yk; ,e;jpahtpy; eilngw;w Copak; fyhr;rhu mbg;gilapNy eilngw;wJ vd;gij mwpayhk;. ,e;j fyhr;rhu mbg;gilapy; RtpNr~j;ij Vw;Wf; nfhz;lth;fs; me;j ghuk;gupaj;jpy; njhlu;e;jhu;fs; vd;gijAk; mwpayhk;. rpyu; fj;Njhypf;f rigapYk;> rpyu; njd; ,e;jpa rigapYk;> rpyu; khu;Njhkh  rigapYk; me;j ghuk;gupa fpwp];jtj;jpy; njhlu;fpwhu;fs;.  

gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;by; te;j kp~dhpfs; Foe;ij jpUkzk;> tpjit epiy> fy;tpawptpy;yhik> cld;fl;il VWjy; Nghd;w jPikahd fyhr;rhuq;fis vjph;j;J Nghuhb mitfis jilr;nra;jdh;. rhjpia> mth;fs; r%fj;jpYs;s xU mq;fk; vd;W ngUk;ghyhNdhh; fUjpdjhy; gyh; mij vjph;f;ftpy;iy> rpyNu mjd; jPikfis vjph;j;jdh;. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; Njrg;gw;W Vw;gl;lNghJ fpwp];jth;fs; ,e;jpa fyhr;rhuj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; rigfis cUthf;fpdh;. rPh;jpUe;j rigfspypUe;J te;j kp~dhpfs; jq;fs; gzpjsq;fspy; gy fyhr;rhu topfis gpd;gw;Wfpw kf;fis re;jpf;f Neh;e;jJ> ciuahl Neh;e;jJ mjd; tpisthf fyhr;rhu mbg;gilapy; fpwp];Jrkh[k;> tq;fhs rkh[k; kw;Wk; gy;NtW Mrpukq;fs; cUthfpd.

,uhgh;l; b Nehgpyp  (Robert De Nobili) vd;w ,NaRrig kp~dhp ‘Method of Adoptation’ vd;w Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jp gpd;gw;wpdhh;. Mdhy; ,J vy;yh kf;fshYk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy. jw;NghJ ,e;jpahtpy; RtpNr~k; mwptpf;f mjhtJ gy;ypdk; fle;J gzpnra;a> gy; rka ek;gpf;ifAila kf;fs; kj;jpapy; gzp nra;a ,e;j Kiw VJthf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W ek;gg;gLfpwJ.  tuyhw;iw cw;W Nehf;fpdhy; gy;ypdk; fle;J gzpnra;a kp~dhpfSf;F gy jilfs; te;jd. NkYk; rpy re;jh;g;gq;fspy; kp~dupfs; jhq;fs; nrd;w ,lj;jpYs;s fyhr;rhuj;ij jtwhf Ghpe;J nfhz;ldh;. Mifahy; kf;fis ehfuPfkpy;yhjth;fs;> fhl;Lkpuhz;bfs; vd;Wk;> mth;fspd; rka ek;gpf;ifia mtpRthrp> cUttopghL nra;fpwth;fs; vd;Wk; vz;zpdh;. ,it ftdkhf ifahsg;gl Ntz;ba #oy;fs; MFk;.  

9. gy;ypdk; fle;j RtpNr~ gzpapy; Vw;gLk; jilfs;

9.1 gy;ypdk; fle;j RtpNr~ gzpf;fs tuk;Gfs;Æ tiuaWf;fg;gl;l vz;zk;:

          ehk; gzp nra;fpd;w gzpf;fsj;jpy; cs;s fyhr;rhuq;fis Fwpj;j mwpT ,y;iynad;why; mJ RtpNr~ gzpf;F jilfis Vw;gLj;Jk;;. mNjNeuk; fpwp];jtk; vg;gb gpw fyhr;rhuj;ij vjph;f;nfhz;lJ vd;w rhpahd Ghpe;J nfhs;SjYk;> mwpTk; ,y;yhtpl;lhy; mJ RtpNr~ gzpapy; jilahf ,Uf;Fk;. MfNt gy;ypdk; fle;J RtpNr~ gzp nra;Ak; kp~dhpfs; jhd;NghFk; gzpj;jsj;jpd; fyhr;rhuk; Fwpj;J mjpf mwpT cilatuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jpahtpy; gzpahw;wpa kp~dhpfs; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s fyhr;rhuk;> nja;tek;gpf;if Nghd;w jiyg;Gfspy; gy;NtW Gj;jfq;fis vOjp ntspapl;ldh;. mJ kp~dhpfshftuj; jpl;lkpl;bUf;fpd;wth;fSf;F jhq;fs; Nghf jpl;lkpl;bUf;fpw gzpj;jsk; Fwpj;J ey;y Gupjiyf; nfhLj;jJ. gy kp~dhpfs; gzpj;jsj;jpy; ntw;wp ngw;wjw;fhd fhuzk;> mth;fs; gzpj;jsk; Fwpj;J ed;F mwpe;J itj;jpUe;jdh; vd;gNj.

9.2 gpw fyhr;rhuk; Fwpj;J rhpahd Ghpjy; ,y;yhik

          RtpNr~k; gpurq;fpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w jhfj;jhy; gyh; jhq;fs; gzpnra;a Nghfpw gzpj;jsk; Fwpj;Jk; fyhr;rhuk; Fwpj;Jk; Kjypy; njhpe;J nfhs;shky; nraypy; <LgLfpd;wdh;. Nguhrphpah; nlhdhy;L yhu;rd; (Donald Lar Son), xU kp~dhp Gjpjhf gzpf;fsk; nry;Yk; NghJ fw;W nfhs;fpwtuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> vg;NghOJk; njhpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w mjPj Mh;tk; cs;stuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd $Wfpwhu;. Nguhrphpia kpupahk; mbdp (Miriam Adeney) – Nkhpnry];rh; mth;fspd; gzpia Fwpj;J vOJk; NghJ gzp kpfTk; rpwe;J tpsq;fpajw;fhd fhuzk; ‘tpopg;Gld; ,Ue;jJ> vr;rhpf;ifAld; ,Ue;jJ> Mh;tk; cs;stuhf ,Ue;jJ> Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;gJ> jfty;fs; jpul;LtJ> nray;gLj;JtJ Nghd;witfshy;’ vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. mNef Ntisfspy; gyu; kp~dhpfshf mh;g;gzpf;fg;gl;L gpd; fyhr;rhu mOj;jq;fshy; NtW gzpf;F nrd;WtpLth;. vdNt rhpahd fyhr;rhuj;ij Fwpj;j mwpT> ,Ue;jhNy gzpjsj;jpy; ePbj;jpUf;f KbAk;.  lhk; (Tom) kw;Wk; vypnrgj; (Elizabeth) Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ fyhr;rhuj;NjhL ,ize;J nray;gl;lhNy mJ ehk; mth;fis rhh;e;jth;fs; vd;w czu;it nfhLg;gjhy; me;j kf;fNshL vspjhf njhlh;G nfhs;s VJthf ,Uf;Fk;.  xt;nthU kp~dhpAk; fyhr;rhuj;NjhL ,ize;J nray;gl;lhy; vt;tsT gpur;ridfs; te;jhYk; rkhspj;J tpLth;. fyhr;rhuk; Fwpj;J Mokw;w mwpT ,Ug;gjhy; Njhy;tp NehpLfpwJ.

9.3 nkhop jil

          kp~dhpfshf nry;fpd;wth;fs; gzpj;jsj;jpy; NgRfpd;w nkhop mwpahky; nry;fpd;wdh;. mJ kpf Kf;fpakhd jilahFk;. nkhopNa kf;fNshL njhlh;G nfhs;s cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk; Kf;fpakhd fUtp. xU kp~dhp rhpahf kf;fNshL njhlh;G nfhs;stpy;iy vdpy; mth; rhpahf RtpNr~j;ijAk; gpurq;fpf;f KbahJ. xUtUf;F nkhop njhpahjgl;rj;jpy; mth; nkhop ngah;g;ghsh;fis ek;gp nry;thh;> mJTk; xU njhlh;gpay; jilNa. mt;thW nra;fpw Neuj;jpy; Rj;jkhd NjtDila thh;j;ijapd; rhukw;W NghfpwJ. gy Neuq;fspy; nkhopngau;g;ghsu;fs; fpwp];jth;fs; my;yhNjhuhapUe;jdh;. nkhop njupahjjhy; gy;NtW Neuq;fspy; gy kp~dhpfs; Gyk;;Gtij fhzyhk;> vd;dhy; rpW gps;isaplk; $l rhpahf Ngr Kbtjpy;iy. nkhop fyhr;rhuj;jpd; Kf;fpa gq;fhFk;. rhpahf Ngr Kbahj NghJ mth;fsJ gzp Njhy;;tpapy; KbfpwJ.

9.4 Fiwthf vOjg;gl;l rkaÆ nghJ vOj;Jf;fs;

          gy fyhr;rhuq;fspy; njhopy;Gul;rpf;F Kd;dhy; tuyhW> rka> nghJf;fUj;Jf;fs; tha;nkhopahf ghJfhf;fg;gl;ld. rpy Neuq;fspy; fyhr;rhu nghUl;fshy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;lJ. (gidXiy> papyrus, codex, scrolls, copper plates, stones etc). kp~dhpfs; te;J tuyhW kw;Wk; gof;ftof;fq;fs; Fwpj;J mwpa Kw;gl;lNghJ> ,q;Nf Gj;jq;fs; ,y;iy vd;gij mwpe;J> mNdf Gj;jfq;fis vOjpdh;. kp~dhpfs; fyhr;rhu njhlh;Gila nghUl;fis Njlhky; gy Gj;jfq;fis mr;rpl;ldh;.  ,d;Wk; mNdf kp~dhpfs; ,ij Fwpj;J Fiwe;j mwpNt cs;sth;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wdu;.

9.5 gpw rka ek;gpf;if cs;sth;fs; Fwpj;J Fiwe;j Ghpjy; cs;sJ

          fpof;F Fwpj;J Nkw;fpy; cs;sth;fSf;F fpwp];jth; my;yhjth; vd;w vz;zk; nghJthfNt cz;L.  NkYk; mth;fSila Gupjy; vd;gJ fpof;fpy; cs;s kf;fSf;F njhOif KiwNah> Gdpjj;jyNkh ,y;iy.  gyNeuq;fspy; fyhr;rhuk; rhh;e;J topgLtJ jtwhf Ghpe;J nfhs;sg;gl;lJ> jphpj;J $wg;gl;lJ. ntF rpyNu gpw kf;fspd; fyhr;rhuk;> rka ek;gpf;if Fwpj;J mwpa Kw;gl;ldh;.

9.6 gy;ypd fyhr;rhu NtWghLfs;

          gy;ypdk; fle;j RtpNr~ gzp nra;Ak;> mNef kp~dhpfs; fyhr;rhuj;ij kpf nghpa jilf;fy;yhf fUjpdh;. kp~dhp xU fyhr;rhuj;ij rhu;e;jtuhf ,Ug;ghu;> mtu; gzpf;fsj;jpy; gy fyhr;rhuj;ij gpd;gw;Wfpwtu;fs; ,Ug;ghu;. fyhr;rhuj;ij gw;wp rhpahd Ghpe;J nfhs;SjYk;> ey;kjpg;Gk;> gpd;gw;WjYk; ,y;yhjjhy; kp~dhpfs; gpw kf;fNshL neUq;fp gof Kbatpy;iy. kf;fs; jq;fs; fyhr;rhuk;> rkaj;Jld; rhh;e;J ,Ug;gjdhy; kp~dhpfSf;F ghuk;ghpakhd ek;gpf;if fyhr;rhuk; rq;flj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. mth;fs; ,it vy;yhk; Ntjhfkj;jpw;F KuzhdJ vd;W fUJtjhy; mJNt gzpf;F jilahfpwJ. MfNt kp~dhpfs; fyhr;rhu NtWghLfis jtpu;g;gJ ey;yJ.

10. kp~dhpfs; fyhr;rhuj;ij rPuopg;gtuh?

          fyhr;rhuj;ij gw;wp Muha;fpwth;fspd; Fw;wrhl;LÉ kp~dhpfs; gpw fyhr;rhuj;ij mopj;jdh;. mg;gb nrhy;y fhuzk;> Nkw;F kf;fspd; Milfs;> rpy gof;f tof;fq;fis gpd;gw;Wtjhy;. fyhr;rhuk; khwp nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gJ mbg;gil cz;ik. fyhr;rhuj;ij gw;wp Muha;fpwth;fs>; rkaj;jhy; vd;d jhf;fk; Vw;gl;lJ vd;W Muha;tjhy; fyhr;rhuk; mopf;fg;gl;ljhf $Wfpwhh;fs;. Mdhy; RtpN~j;jhy; fyhr;rhuq;fs; kW&gkhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gNj jpz;zk;.

11.gy;ypdk; fle;j RtpNr~ gzpapy; <LgLk; kp~dhpf;F ,Uf;f Ntz;ba gz;Gfs;

11.1. kpf Mokhd fpwp];jt ek;gpf;if cilatuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

          xU kp~dup gy;ypd fyhr;rhu RtpNr~ gzpapy; <LgLk; NghJ vjpu;g;GfSk;> cgj;jputq;fSk; re;jpf;f NeupLk;. MfNt mtu; Ntjhfkj;ij ed;F Gupe;jtuhfTk;> ey;y njspTs;stuhfTk;> ve;j rthy;fisAk; re;jpf;f Mokhd ,iwapay; Gupe;J nfhs;SjYk>; mbg;gil fpwp];jt ek;gpf;ifAk; cilatuhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Ntjhfkj;ij Fwpj;J ey;y njspTk;> rupahd Gupe;J nfhs;SjYk; kpf mtrpakhdJ.

11.2.nghWik

gy;ypd fyhr;rhu RtpNr~ gzpapy; <LgLk; NghJ kp~dup kpfTk; nghWik cilatuhf Njt jpl;lk; epiwNtWk; tiu fhj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ntspg;gLj;jpd tpNr~j;jpy; Nahthd; cgj;jput fhyj;jpy; fpwp];jth;fs; nghWikAld; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh;. mJ NghyNt RtpNr~k; mwptpf;fpd;w Neuj;jpYk; nghWikAld; ,Ug;gJ kpf mtrpak;. xU kp~dhp GJ Af;jpia filgpbj;J gy;-,dk;> gpwrka ek;gpf;ifAs;s kf;fsplk; gzpahw;Wk; NghJ tpisTfs; Fiwthf jhd; ,Uf;Fk;. mNj Neuj;jpy; gy fyhr;rhu kjpg;gPLfis gpd;gw;Wk;nghOJ> ehk; vg;NghJk; Ntjhfk cz;ikf;F vjpuhf nray;glf;$lhJ vd;gjpy; nghWikahf> ftdkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

11.3; tisAk; jd;ik

          gTy; ,e;j Fzj;ij jd; Copaj;jpy; gad;gLj;jpdhh;. 1nfhhp.9:20y; “a+jiu Mjhag;gLj;j a+jiu NghyTk;> epahag;gpukhzj;Jf;F fPo;g;gl;lth;fis Mjhag;gLj;j epahagpukhzj;Jf;F fPo;g;gl;litfis NghyhNdd;” vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. mj;NjNd gl;lzj;jpy; gpurq;fk;gz;Zk; NghJ mth; GJKiwia ifahz;lhh;. MfNt mtiug;Nghy; gy;ypdk; fle;j RtpNr~ gzpapy; <LgLk; NghJ tisAk; jd;ik cilatu;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,uhgh;l;. b. Nehgpyp kw;Wk; kw;wpNah iu]; Nghd;Nwhh; kf;fspd; fyhr;rhuq;fis Vw;Wf;nfhz;L gzpahw;wpdh;> vdpDk; RtpNr~ nra;jpia khw;wtpy;iy.

11.4 rthy;fis re;jpf;fpd;w JzpT

          kp~dhp gzpapy; <LgLfpd;wth;fSf;F vg;nghOJk; kj mbg;gilthjpfs;> rhjpathjpfs;> flTs; kWg;ghsh;fs; Nghd;Nwhhplk; ,Ue;J cgj;jputk; tUk;. gioa Vw;ghl;by; NkhNr NtTfhuh;fis mDg;gp gpd; ngw;w nra;jp epuhfhpg;Gk;> fyf;fKNk. NkhNr ,e;j rthy;fis re;jpj;jhu;. kp~dhpfshf ,e;jpah te;jth;fs; vz;ZtJ> jhq;fs; ,e;j ehl;by; nfhiy nra;ag;gLNthk; vd;W. MdhYk; mth;fs; te;J gzpahw;wpdh;> vy;yh kp~dhpfSk; nfhiy nra;ag;gltpy;iy> ntF rpyNu nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;> mNdfh; fpwp];JTf;fhf tho;e;J khpj;J Nghdhh;fs;.

11.5 gpw rkak; kw;Wk; gpw fyhr;rhuj;ij gpd;gw;Wfpwth;fis kjpf;f Ntz;Lk;

          RtpNr~ gzpapy; Vw;gLk; jilfis Nghf;f> kp~dhpfs; gpw rkak;> fyhr;rhuk; gpd;gw;Wfpw kf;fis Kjypy; kjpf;f Ntz;Lk;.  ehk; mth;fspd; ek;gpifapy; gw;wpy;yhtpl;lhYk;> mth;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.  ehk; mth;fspd; rka> fyhr;rhuj;ij gw;wp gbf;fpd;wNghJ mth;fis kjpf;fpNwhk;. gy Neuq;fspy; ehk; jtwhd my;yJ jphpj;J $wpa fUj;Jfshy;  gy jtwhd jPh;khdq;fis vLj;jpUf;fpNwhk;.  Mdhy; gpw fyhr;rhuÆ kf;fis Fwpj;J gbf;Fk;NghNj ehk; ed;F mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;. fpwp];jth;fs; gpwkf;fs; midtNuhLk; ed;kjpg;Gld; thoTk;> ePjp> rkhjhdk;> nghJj;jpl;lq;fSf;F> nghJed;ikf;F Nrh;e;J gzpahw;wTk; miof;fg;gl;bUf;fpNwhk;.

fpwp];jt RtpNr~k; fyhr;rhuj;jpw;F rthYk;> fyhr;rhuj;jpw;F tYTk; nfhLf;fpwjhf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gij ed;F czu Ntz;Lk;. fpwp];jth;fs; vy;yh kf;fis kjpf;fTk;> RtpNr~j;jhy; rthYf;Fs; Mf;fg;gl;l fyhr;rhuf; $Wfis ed;F mwpe;jpUj;jYk; Ntz;Lk;.  fpwp];jth;fs; cz;ikahd kjpg;Gld; gpw rka kf;fspd; ek;gpf;iffis gw;wpAk;> gof;ftof;fq;fs; Fwpj;Jk; njhpe;Jnfhz;L mjpypUf;Fk; ew;fhhpaq;fis ghuhl;l Ntz;Lk;. mitfis Fwpj;J mwpa Mty; cs;sth;fshf khwNtz;Lk;. gpwkjk; rhh;e;j fUj;Jf;fis  ed;kjpg;GlDk;> ehfhPfj;JlDk; jtwhf Ghpe;J nfhs;shkYk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. (c.jh: ma;ahtop> ts;syhu; Fwpj;j mwpit ngWjy; ey;yJ)

11.6 jPh;khdk;

          gy;ypdk; fle;J RtpNr~ gzp nra;a mh;g;gzpf;fg;gl;l kp~dhpapd; Nehf;fk; gpw fyhr;rhuq;fis mopg;gJ my;y> khwhf RtpNr~j;ij fyhr;rhuj;NjhL ,izj;J kf;fis> ,NaRit Vw;Wf;nfhs;s itg;gJ. RtpNr~k; fyhr;rhuj;ij kW&gkhf;Fk;>  (fhy;Lnty;> [p.A. Nghg; jkpo; fyhr;rhuj;ij tsu;j;jdu;). RtpNr~k; mwptpf;fg;glhj ,lj;jpy; kf;fis ,dk;> fyhr;rhuk;> ek;gpf;if fle;J re;jpg;gJ mtrpak;. Y}f;.19:10y; ,e;j cyfj;jpy; cs;s kf;fs; midtUk; ,oe;J Nghdth;fs.; kp~dhpapd; Nehf;fk; ,oe;J Nghdth;fis Njb ,ul;rpg;gNj. vg;gb ,NaR ,e;j cyfj;jpy; gzp nra;jhNuh mJNghyNt ehKk; gzpnra;a miof;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;Nwhk; (Nah.3:16> Y}f;fh 15).

11.7 fw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; jpwd;> vz;zk;

          gy;> ,dk; fle;j RtpNr~ gzp nra;a jPh;khdpj;jth;fs; gpw fyhr;rhuj;ij ed;F fw;Wf;nfhz;L> me;j fyhr;rhuj;jpw;Fl;gl;L nray;gl fw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.  me;j fw;W nfhs;Sjy; rw;W fhyk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;.  xU Ntis mJ ek; tho;ehs; KOtJk; fw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;ba ePz;l newpKiwahfTkk; ,Uf;fyhk;.  mj;NjNd gl;lzj;jpy; gTy; ,Ue;jNghJ me;j kf;fspd; fyhr;rhuj;ij ed;F mwpe;J nfhz;lhh;.  mjd; %yk; mth;fspd; fyhr;rhuj;jpw;Fk; RtpNr~j;jpw;Fk; ghyj;ij Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.  rpyh; gTypd; topKiw Njhw;Wg;NghdJ vd;W vz;zpdh;.  Mdhy; gyh; ,NaRit Vw;Wf;nfhz;ldh; (mg;.17:34). ghpRj;j Mtpahdthpd; milahskhf nge;NjNfh];Nj ehspy;  nkhop %ykhf Njtd; gy fyhr;rhug; gpd;zzpaj;jpd; kj;jpapYk; RtpNr~k; mth;fs; nrhe;j nkhopapy; Nfl;fr; nra;jhh; (mg;.2:5-11) nkhop czh;it> md;ig> jfty;fis ghpkhw cjTfpwJ. nkhop kdpjDf;F kpfTk; mtrpakhdjhy; cyfshtpa RtpNr~ gzpf;F nkhopiaf; fw;Wf; nfhs;tJ ey;yJ.

12. gy;ypd fyhr;rhu gapw;;rpapd; gq;F

          ,J xU fy;tp rhh;e;j gapw;rp. mjpy; vg;gb gpw fyhr;rhu> gpw rka ek;gpf;ifAila kf;fSld; njhlh;ig Vw;gLj;jp ntw;wpfukhd gzpnra;tJ vd;gij Ntjhfkk; rhh;e;J gapw;Wtpg;gJ mtrpakhdJ.  ,e;j gapw;rpapd; NghJ jpwikiaAk; mwpitAk; gad;gLj;jp gy fyhr;rhu kf;fis re;jpg;gJ vg;gb vd;W gy FOf;fshy; gapw;rp mspf;fyhk;.  ,jpy; %d;W Kf;fpa FwpNfhs;fs; cz;L.

1. vg;gb Gjpa gzpj;jsj;jpy; me;j fyhr;rhu topfis mwpe;j ek;Kila jpl;lj;ij epiwNtw;WtJ.
2. ey;y gapw;rp nfhLj;J kp~dhpfis #o;epiyf;F Vw;g jpl;lkpl;L nrayhw;w cjTtJ.
3. tho;T kw;Wk; gzp vg;gb Nkw;nfhs;tJ MfpaitNa.

,e;j gapw;rpapdhy; gy;ypdk; fle;j gzpahw;WtJ kpf vspikahdjhf ,Uf;Fk;.

13.ciuahlYk; gy;ypdk; fle;j RtpNr~ gzpAk;

          ciuahly; xUtiunahUth; Vw;W kjpj;jpLk; newp. xUtiu xUth; kjpj;J> xUth; kw;wtiuj; njspthfg; Ghpe;Jnfhz;L xUthplnkhUth; fw;Wf;nfhz;L R%fkhf tho ciuahly; cjTfpd;wJ. jdpAiufs; ciuahlYf;F vjpuhdJ vd;W mwpQh; J.G.NltP]; fUJfpwhh;. jdpAiu NgRNthh;> mLj;jtiu md;Gld; mZfp> mth; nrhy;tij MtYld; Nfl;fhky; njhlh;gw;w thh;j;ijfisNa NgRfpd;wdh;. ,jdhy; mth;fspilNa el;G tsh;tjw;Fk; gjpyhf ntWg;Gk;> gifikAk; ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ.

          MfNt> ciuahlypy; xUth;> mLj;jth; jd;id ed;F Ghpe;J nfhs;sj;jf;fjhf itj;jYk; mLj;jtiuj; jhd; ed;F njhpe;Jnfhs;s KaYjYk; epfo Ntz;Lk;. ciuahly;> ,U jug;gpdhplk; eilngWk; fUj;Jg; ghpkhw;wk;. ,NaRfpwp];J jd; jpUg;gzpapy; epf;NfhNjK> rkhhpa ngz; kw;Wk; rpy FOf;fSld; ciuahbdhh;. RtpNr~k; mwptpf;f ciuahly; Njitg;gLfpwJ.  RtpNr~ gzpf;F gjpyhf> ciuahlypy; <Lglyhnkdf; fUJtJ jtW. Mdhy; ciuahlYk;> RtpNr~ gzpAk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlh;GilaJ. ehk; ciuahlypy; <LgLk; NghJ> RtpNr~k; nrhy;Ytjw;Fk; tha;g;Gfs; cz;L. ciuahlypd; NghJ ew;nra;jp gzpahsh; fUj;JfisNah> gw;WjpfisNah> Nfhl;ghLfisNah khj;jpuk; gpwUld; gfph;e;J nfhs;fpwhh; vd;W vz;zf; $lhJ>  khwhf RtpNr~k; nrhy;yyhk;.

khztu; gapw;rpÆ mwpf;if rku;g;gpj;jy;

1.jhq;fs; thOk; gFjp my;yJ gzpahw;Wk; gFjpapy;> fpwp];jtj;ij rhuhj gpw fyhr;rhu mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;l xU FOit fz;L. milahsg;gLj;jTk;. mj;Jld; me;j gpw fyhr;rhu kf;fis mZfp mtu;fs; fyhr;rhuj;ij Fwpj;j xU mwpf;ifia rku;g;gpf;fTk;. (eil> cil> czT> fy;tp> kjek;gpf;iffs;> murpay; rhu;Gfs; Fwpj;j ghu;it jq;fs; mwpf;ifapy; ,lk; ngw Ntz;Lk;).

2. jkpofk;Æ ,e;jpahtpy; thOk; VjhtJ xU ,d kf;fspd; fyhr;rhuk; Fwpj;j xU Gj;jfj;ij thrpj;J> thrpg;G mwpf;if juTk;.
3. fyhr;rhuk; fle;J NtW fyhr;rhu kf;fs; kj;jpapy; gzpahw;wpa xU kp~dupapd; tho;f;if tuyhW Fwpj;j Gj;jfj;ij gbj;J> mwpf;if juTk;.
4. gpw fyhr;rhuk; nfhz;l xU r%fj;ij (fpuhkj;ij) njupe;njLj;J> mq;F mtu;fSld; xU khjk; jq;fp mtu;fsJ tho;f;ifKiw Fwpj;J> jq;fs; mDgtq;fis vOjTk;.
5. gpw fyhr;rhu kf;fsplk; jhq;fs; gzpahw;wpa mDgtq;fis tFg;giwapy; gfpuTk;.
6. ,e;j ghljpl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,e;jpahtpy; gy;ypd fyhr;rhuk; fle;J gzp nra;a cq;fSf;F cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk; rpy fUj;Jf;fis – tpsf;Ff.
7. Ntjhfkk; gy;ypdk; fle;j RtpN~r gzpf;F Mjhuk; – tpsf;Ff.
8. ,e;jpahtpy; eilngw;w gy;ypdk; fle;j RtpNr~ gzp – tptup.
9. ePq;fs; ngw;w Copa mDgtj;jpd; %yk; gzpf;fsj;jpy; RtpNr~ gzpf;F ,Uf;Fk; jilfis vOJf.

10.mg;Ngh];jyu; elgbfis thrpj;J ,e;jpahtpy; kp~dup gzp nra;a Njitahd Af;jpfis vOJf.