BL - 23 பரிசுத்த வேதாகமம் நமக்கு கிடைத்த விதம்

Fwpg;G :  ,g;ghlj;ij CALS-d; vOj;Jg;g+h;t Kd; mDkjpapd;wp efy; vLg;gJ> kW gpujp vLg;gJ> nkhop ngah;g;gJ Kjypa nray;fspy; <Lglf;$lhJ.

Ntjhfkk; ekf;F KOikahf fpilj;j tpjk;

(HOW WE GOT OUR BIBLE)

  1. Ntjhfkk; gw;wpa RUf;fkhd fUg;nghUs;

Ntjhfkk; NjtDila “KO %r;rhd fz;fhzpg;G” (Inspiration) %yk; ekf;F mUsg;gl;l Gj;jfk;.  ,J Njtdpd; rpe;ijia (kdij) kdpjDf;F kpfj; njspthf ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.

  1. Ntjhfkk; (iggps;) vDk; thh;j;ijapd; %yg;gjk;
  1. “ghg;igu];” vd;gJ rPhpahtpYk;> iey; ejpapd; Xuq;fspYk; tsh;e;J fhzg;gl;l xUtif jhtukhFk;.

          (ehzy; – ghg;gpu];;@ ahj;. 2 : 3@ NahG 8 : 11 @ Vrhah 18 : 2)

vfpg;J

vgpNuak;

fpNuf;fk;

yj;jPd;

Mq;fpyk;

ghg;gpu];

N`hk;

ghg;GNuh];

ghg;gpu];

Ngg;gh;

                            jhtuk;

    nrbapd; ngah;;             GGNsh];             tptpypak; (Gj;jfk;)

  1. rhj;jpakhff; fUjg;gLk; ,d;ndhU tpsf;fk;

            gpg;Nyh]; gjk; Njhd;w ,d;ndhU fhuzk; cs;sjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.  mJ ngUkstpyhd ghg;gpu]; jhtuk; “gpg;Nyh];” vDk; ngah; nfhz;l rPhpah JiwKfj;jpypUe;J fg;gypy; Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;lJ.  vdNt> me;j JiwKfj;jpd; ngaiuj; jOtp ‘Gj;jfk;’ vd;Dk; thh;j;ijapd; %y gjkhfpa “gpg;Nyh];” njhFf;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk;.

  1. iggps; fhy vOJnghUl;fs; kw;Wk; jahhpj;jy;

 

  1. jhs; (jfL) (Papyrus Sheets)

 

            fp.gp.3-k; E}w;whz;L tiuapYk; vOJtjw;F ghg;gpu]; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.  ePskhd ghg;gpu]; Jz;Lfs; girapdhy; xl;lg;gl;L jfL Nghd;W Nkw;gFjpapy; vOJtjw;Nfw;g jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.  ,J cyh;e;j gpwF ntz;ikahd ,jd; Nkw;gFjp fy; my;yJ NtWtiff; fUtpfs; %yk; nkd;ikahf khw;wg;gLfpd;wJ. gpd;dh; ,e;j nkd;ikahd gug;G vOJtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

            ,e;j ghg;gpu]; jhs; fpNuf;fj;jpy; “rhl;];”: vdTk; yj;jPdpy; ‘rhl;lh’ vdTk; Mq;fpyj;jpy; ‘rhl;’ (Chart) vdTk; miof;fg;gl;lJ.  ‘ghg;gpu];’> ‘gpg;Nyh];’ kw;Wk; ‘rhl;];’ midj;Jk; ghg;gpu]; jhtuj;jpypUe;J jahh; nra;ag;gLk; xNu vOJ nghUisNa Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

  1. RUs;fs; (Papyrus Rolls)

    ghg;gpu]; jhs;fs; xd;whf ePskhf xl;lg;gl;L RUs;fshf jahh; nra;ag;gl;lJ. rpy Ntisfspy; 30 mbfs; ePsk; nfhz;l ,t;tifr; RUs;fs; cUisf; fk;gpd; kPJ Rw;wg;gl;L RUs; Gj;jfk; vd;wiof;fg;gl;lJ.  NkYk;> ,J Gj;jfk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,J xU gf;fk; kl;LNk vOJtjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

  1. Nfhlhf;;]; (Codex)

 

    yj;jPd; nkhopapy; Nfhlf;]; vd;gjd; cz;ikahd nghUs; jhtuj;jpd; kug;gFjp vd;gjhFk;.  ehd;F ghg;gpu]; ml;ilfs; ,uz;L klq;F nghpajhf ikag;gFjpapy; kbf;fg;gl;L xd;wpd;Nky; xd;whf ,izj;J itf;fg;gl;L Nfhlhf;]; jahh; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.  gpd;dh; mjDs; kuj;Jz;L itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.  ,t;tif kug;gyiffs; xd;whf Nfhh;f;fg;gl;L Gj;jfkhf nra;ag;gl;lJ.  ,t;tif nra;Kiw ,iyfs; kw;Wk; ghg;gpu]; jhs;fspy; nra;ag;gl;lJ.  vdNt> ‘Nfhlhf;];’ ,iyg;Gj;jfk; vdTk; miof;fg;gl;lJ.  ,jd; ,U gf;fq;fSk; vOJtjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.  kw;Wk; ,jd; gf;fq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLtJk; vspjhf mike;jJ.  ,e;j ‘Nfhlhf;];’ gad;ghl;bw;F te;jgpd; ‘ghg;;gpu];’ RUs;fspd; cgNahfk; kiwe;J tpl;lJ.

  1. Njhy; RUs;fs; (Parchments)

    ,itfs; tpyq;Ffspd; Njhy;fisg; gf;Ftg;gLj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ.  ,it> RUs;fs; Nghd;W tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ.  ,t;tif RUs;fs; ‘ghh;r;nkd;l;’ vd;wiof;fg;gl;lJ (Njhy; RUs; – 2 jPNkh. 4 : 13).

 

fUj;J RUf;fk;

 

    Kjypy; ghg;gpu]; jhtuj;jpd; ngahpYk; ,uz;lhtJ RUs; vd;w ngahpYk; %d;whtJ ‘Nfhlhf;];’ vd;w ngahpYk; ,Wjpahf yj;jPd; fpwp];jth;fshy; gioa kw;Wk; Gjpa Vw;ghl;L E}y;fis nkhj;jkhff; Fwpg;gpLtjw;fhf ‘gpg;spah’ vDk; gd;ik nrhy;ypd; xUikr; nrhy; ‘gpg;Nshd;’ vDk; thh;j;ijAk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.  yj;jPd; nkhopia mbnahw;wp jkpo; nkhopapy; fj;Njhypf;fh; ,jid “tptpypak;” vd;gh;.  gpw fpwp];jth;fs; “Ntj Gj;jfk”; my;yJ ghpRj;j Ntjhfkk; vd;gh;.  ,e;j thh;j;ijNa Mq;fpyj;jpy; ‘iggps;’ vdg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.  vdNt> ‘iggps;’ vd;gjw;F Njtdhy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l Gj;jfq;fspd; njhFg;G vdg; nghUs; nfhs;syhk;.

gpw vOJ nghUs;fs;

 

  1. kz; gyiffs; / kz; tl;Lfs; (vNukpah 17 : 13 @ vNr. 4 : 1) mrPhpah;fspd; vOj;JKiwapy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
  2. fw;fs; (cjh.) – `Kuhgpah; rl;lk; (Code of Hammurabi)

                                  – Nwhnrw;wh fw;fs; (Rosetta Stones)

                                  – Nkhthigl; fw;fs; (Moabite Stones)

  1. cNyhfq;fs; (ahj;. 28 : 35> 36 @ NahG 19 : 24 @ kj;. 22 : 19)
  2. muf;F / nkOF (Vrhah 8 : 1 @ 30 : 8 @ Mg$f; 2 : 2)
  3. tpiyAah;e;j fw;fs; (ahj;. 39 : 6-14)
  4. kz; XL (NahG 2 : 8)
  5. rzy; ehh; – vfpg;J> fpNuf;fk; kw;Wk; ,j;jhypapy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
  6. kug;gyiffs;

vOJ fUtpfs;

 

  1. vOj;jhzp : ,J kz; gyiffspy; vOJk; tifapy; %d;W Kid nfhz;l vOJNfhy; MFk;. vNukpah ,jid ,Uk;ngOj;jhzp (vOj;jhzp) vd;wiof;fpwhh; (vNukpah 17 : 1).
  1. csp : ,J ghiw kw;Wk; fw;fspd; kPJ vOj gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. NahG Gj;jfk; ,jid ,Uk;G csp vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. (NahG 19 : 24 @ NahRth 8 : 31> 32).
  1. ik Ngdh : ,J “ehzy; vOJNfhy;” vdTk; miof;fg;gl;lJ.  ,J Njhy;> ghh;r;nkd;l;> ghg;gpu]; Nghd;wtw;wpy; vOj gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
  1. ik fj;jp : vOJk; Kid Nja;e;J $h;ik Fiwe;J nfhz;Nl nrd;w ehzy; vOJNfhiy kPz;Lk; $h;ikahf;f ,J gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
  1. ik nfhk;G : ,aw;if nghUl;fshd jhtuk;> g+f;fs;> gir fye;j epyf;fhp Nghd;wtw;why; nra;ag;gl;l “ik” (Ink) itf;Fk;gbahf tpyq;Ffspd; nfhk;gpdhy; nra;ag;gl;l Fg;gp Nghd;wjhFk;.
  1. D. Ntjhfk nkhopfs;

 

                Kiwahd ghi\ fhzg;glhjjhy; Ntjhfkj;ij vOj Njtd; Mjhikg; gad;gLj;jtpy;iy.  Fiwe;j msT kf;fs; fhzg;gl;ljhy; vOj;J mf;fhyj;jpy; mtrpakhapUf;ftpy;iy.  kdpj tuyhw;wpy; kf;fs; njhif mjpfhpj;jNghJ cyfpd; gy gFjpfspy; kf;fs; tho Muk;gpj;jdh;.  ,jd;fhuzkhf tUk; re;jjpf;F njhptpf;f Ntz;bajhd tp\aq;fisg; gj;jpug;gLj;j vOj;J tbtk; jtph;f;f Kbahjnjhd;whf khwpaJ.  vdNt> Muk;gfhy kdpjd; gpwUf;F nra;jpfisj; njhpag;gLj;j milahsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpdhd;.  mth;fs; nra;jpfis “xyp FwpaPL” (cjh. ,ir milahsq;fs;)> fUj;Jg;glk; (fUj;Jf;fisg; glj;jpy; fhz;gpj;jy cjh. md;gpw;fhd ,Uja milahsk;). ‘xypr;rpj;jpuk;’ (ntt;NtW nra;iff;fhd rj;jq;fs;)> Nghd;witfs; %yk; ghpkhwpf; nfhz;ldh;.  gpd;dh; xyp milahsq;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf vOj;Jf;fs; gad;ghl;bw;F te;jd.  ngdpf;fpah;fs; vd;Dk; kf;fs; KjyhtJ vOj;Jf;fis (Alphabets) fz;Lgpbj;J cyFf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ rhpj;jpu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; cs;s fz;Lgpbg;ghFk;.

                Kiwahd thh;j;ijfs; kw;Wk; ghi\fspd; vOj;Jf;fs; fz;Lgpbg;gjw;F Vwj;jho ,uz;lhapuk; tUlq;fshapd.  vOj;Jf;fs; Kiwahff; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l gpd; Njtd; jdJ ntspg;ghl;ilAk; tpUg;gj;ijAk; gjpT nra;a mf;fhyj;J kdpjdpd; ghi\ kw;Wk; thh;j;ijfisg; gad;gLj;jpdhh;.  Njtd; jdJ nra;jpia kdpjDf;Ff; nfhLg;gjpy; “J}jh; ghi\fisg;” gad;gLj;jtpy;iy.  khwhf> kdpjh;fs; gad;gLj;jp te;j %d;W ghi\fisg; gad;gLj;jpdhh;.  mitfs; vgpNuak;> muhkpak; kw;Wk; fpNuf;f nkhopfs; MFk;.

  1. vgpNua nkhop (Hebrew Language)

 

          ,J kpfTk; goik tha;e;j nrkpl;bf; ghi\fspy; xd;W MFk;.  ‘nrkpl;bf;’ vd;gJ Nehthtpd; kfdhfpa “Nrk;” (Shem) vDk; ngahpypUe;J mikf;fg;gl;lJ.  fhdhdpah;fSk; ,e;j ghi\iag; gad;gLj;jpdh;.  vdNt> nrkpl;bf; vd;gJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l r%fj;ijr; rhh;e;j thh;j;ij my;y> Mdhy; ghi\iar; rhh;e;j thh;j;ij.

        vgpNua ghi\apd; Muk;g tuyhW ,d;dKk; KotJkhf mwpag;glhj njhd;whfNt ,Uf;fpd;wJ.  ,Ug;gpDk; thh;j;ijapd; mbg;gilapy; “fle;J nry;jy” (Mw;wpw;F mg;ghy;) vDk; nghUs; nfhz;l ‘mghh;’ (Abar) vDk; thh;j;ijapypUe;J vgpNuak; vDk; thh;j;ij gpwe;jJ vdyhk;.  Mgpufhk; ‘a+g;gpul;b];’ ejpiaf; fle;J te;jjhy; mth; vgpNuad; vdr; rhpahf miof;fg;gl;lhh; (Mjp. 14 : 13).  mf;fhbad; my;yJ mNukpak; Mfpa ,U nkhopfspy; xd;W Mgpufhkpd; jha;nkhopahf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.  fhdhdpw;F tUk;NghJ mth; fhdhdpah;fspd; ghi\ Kjypatw;iwf; fye;J NgrpapUf;fyhk;.  gpd;dh;> ahf;NfhG kw;Wk; mtd; kf;fs; ahtUk; 430 tUlq;fs; vfpg;jpy; mbikahapUe;jdh;.  ,J mth;fSf;F xU jdp ghi\ia mikf;ff; fhuzkhapUe;jpUf;fyhk;.  ,Ug;gpDk;> me;j ghi\ vfpg;J ghi\apd; thh;j;ijfisr; rhh;e;jjhapUe;jJ.

        gpd;dh; “ngd;rpuhf;fpd; Qhdk;” (mq;fpfhpf;fg;glhj Gj;jfk;) vDk; Gj;jfj;jpd; KfTiuapy; fpNuf;f tpid chpr;nrhy; “n`g;uha;];b” (Hebraisty) Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.  kw;Wk; ,J a+jh;fspd; ghi\ahf th;zpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.  vgpNua ghi\ vd;gjw;F tuyhw;wpy; fpilj;Js;s Kjy; rhd;W ,JthFk;.  a+j kjj;jiyth;fs; ,jid “ghpRj;j ghi\” vd;wioj;jdh;.  ,NaR fpwp];J g+kpapy; fhzg;gl;l ehl;fspy; muhkpa nkhop Ngrg;gl;l NghjpYk; a+j kj nkhopahf vgpNuak; njhlh;e;jJ.  vgpNua Ngr;R nkhopAk; Kw;wpYk; mopatpy;iy.  gioa Vw;ghl;bd; vgpNua ghi\ahdJ ,jd; mikg;G> fw;gid eak; kw;Wk; xg;Gik Nghd;wtw;wpy; njspthdjhf mwpag;gl;lJ. cjh. ,];uNty; ‘tisthd tpy;’ vd th;zpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

  1. Muhkpa nkhop (Aramic Language)

 

          ,JTk; xU nrkpl;bf; nkhop. a+jh;fs; jq;fspd; ghgpNyhdpa rpiwapUg;G ehl;fspy; vgpNua nkhopiag; gad;gLj;jtpy;iy.  khwhf> mNukpa nkhopiag; gad;gLj;jpdh;.  ghgpNyhdpa rpiwapUg;gpypUe;J mth;fs; jpUk;gpagpd; vgpNua nkhopiar; rka nkhopahfTk;> muhkpaj;ijg; nghJ nkhopahfTk; gad;gLj;jpdh;.  ,jd; fhuzkhf> v];wh NkhNrapd; epahag;gpukhzj;ij thrpj;jNghJ mNdfh; mjidg; Ghpe;J nfhs;stpy;iy. (neNf. 8 : 1-12 @ 13 : 24)  ,jd; fhuzkhf epahag;gpukhzj;ij muhkpa nkhopapy; nkhop ngah;j;J v];wh tpsf;fpdhh;.

        ,NaR fpwp];Jtpd; ehl;fspy; mNukpa nkhop rhjhuz kf;fshy; Ngr gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.  ,NaR fpwp];J Ngrpa mNdf mNukpa thh;j;ijfs; fpNuf;fj;jpy; mg;gbNa nkhopahf;fk; nra;J Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.  (jypj;jhFkp – khw;. 5 : 41 @ vg;gj;jh – khw;F 7 : 34) @ VNyhap> VNyhap> yhkh rgf;jhdp (khw;. 15 : 34)) mg;gh> khuehjh> khk;Nkhd; kw;Wk; fg;gj;jh Nghd;wit gpw cjhuzq;fs; MFk;.  ,NaRtpd; ehl;fspy; mNukpa nkhop ,uz;L tifapy; Ngrg;gl;lJ.  mitfs; fypNya kw;Wk; a+Nja Ngr;R tof;Ffs; (dialects).  ,jdhy;jhd; NgJU Ngrpd fypNya Ngr;R mtidf; fhl;bf; nfhLj;jJ (kj;. 26 : 73).

        gioa Vw;ghl;by; jhdpNay; 2 : 4b – 7 : 28 kw;Wk; v];wh 4 : 8 – 6 : 18 @ 7 : 12-26 Mfpa gFjpfs; mNukpaj;jpy; vOjg;gl;lJ.  Mdhy; Gjpa Vw;ghL KOtJkhf fpNuf;fg; ghi\apy; vOjg;gl;lJ. mNukpa nkhop ,g;nghOJk; rPhpahtpd; rpWghd;ik fpwp];jth;fs;> <uhd; kw;Wk; <uhf;fpy; Ngrg;gLfpd;wJ.  rPhpaf; ghi\ahdJ gpd;dh; muhkpf; nkhop vd mwpag;gl;lJ. Mdhy; rPhpaf; vd;gJ rPhpah ehL my;y.

  1. fpNuf;f nkhop (Greek Language)

 

          ,J xU ,e;jpa-INuhg;gpa nkhopf; FLk;gj;ijr; rhh;e;jJ.  Vwj;jho fp.K. 3000-y; INuhg;ghtpd; ikag;gFjpapypUe;J mNef kf;fs; ,lk; ngah;e;jdh;.  ,e;j ,lg;ngah;r;rp gy Jiz ghi\fs; cUthff; fhuzkha; mike;jJ.  ,f;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; (fp.K. 1000f;F Kd;) ,lk; ngah;e;j kf;fs; jq;fsJ Ngr;R kw;Wk; vOj;Jf;fspy; fye;J gofpdh;.  epiyahd nkhop mike;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; (fp.K. 1000-330) fpNuf;f ghi\apy; “,ypahl;” (Iliad) kw;Wk; “xbN]” (Odyssey) vDk; ngah; nfhz;l Njrpa  tPu fhtpak; vDk; rpwe;j Gj;jfq;fs; ntspahdJ.

        fp.gp. 338-y; khrpNlhdpah-tpd; gpypg;G vd;gth; fpNuf;f ghi\apd; %yk; murpay; xw;Wikia typAWj;jpdhh;.  mtuJ kfd; kfh myf;];rhe;jh; mNdf Gfo;tha;e;j cyfpd; gFjpfisf; ifg;gw;wp fpNuf;f ghi\ kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuj;ij mt;tplq;fspy; gug;gpdhh;.  fpNuf;fk; gutpaNghJ gy ghi\fspypUe;J Ngr;R tof;Ffs; ,g;ghi\apy; Eioaj; Jtq;fpaJ. fpNuf;f nkhop md;iwa cyfg; nghJnkhopNghy; khwpaJ. mNefh; ,g;ghi\iag; Ngrpdh;.  nghJ kf;fshy; nghpJk; Ngrg;gl;l Ngr;Rtof;F nkhop ‘nfhapNd fpNuf;fk;’ vd;wiof;fg;gl;lJ.  ‘nfhapNd’ vd;gjw;F ‘nghJthd’ vd;gJ nghUs;.  ,J rhjhuz kf;fshy; Ngrg;gl;lJ.  fp.K. 338-fp.gp.330 tiuAs;s fhy fl;lj;jpy; fpNuf;f nkhop gy Njrq;fspy; gutpaJ.  Gjpa Vw;ghL ,e;j nfhapNd fpNuf;fj;jpy; vOjg;gl;lJ.  mf;fhyj;jpy; vOjg;gl;l rhjhuz Gj;jfq;fis xg;gPL nra;Ak; NghJ Gjpa Vw;ghl;bd; ,yf;fpa mikg;G kw;Wk; ghi\ juj;jpy; FiwT VJkpy;iy.

  1. E. Ntjhfk Gj;jfq;fspd; Mf;fpNahd;fs;

                Ntjhfkk; Mf;fpNahd;fs; (vOjpNahh;) tpj;jpahrkhd gpd;dzpaj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;fshapUe;j NghjpYk; Njt trdj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy; xNu Nehf;fk; cilath;fshapUe;jdh;.  cjhuzkhf gioa Vw;ghl;by; NkhNr> jhdpNay; kw;Wk; Gjpa Vw;ghl;by; gTy; Nghd;Nwhh; rpwe;j fy;tpkhd;fshfTk;> nry;thf;F cilath;fshAk; fhzg;gl;ldh;.  jhtPJ kw;Wk; rhyNkhd; MfpNahh; uh[hf;fs;@ v];wh MrhhpadhfTk; NtjghufdhAkpUe;jhh;@ rhKNty; MrhhpadhfTk; epahahjpgjpahfTk; fhzg;gl;lhh;.   rpy Ntjhfk Mf;fpNahd;fs; rhjhuz Nka;g;gh;fshf ,Ue;jdh;.  ,th;fs; ,t;thW gy NtWgl;l gpd;dzpaj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;jNghjpYk; ght kDf;Fyj;jpw;F> rh;tj;ijAk; gilj;j NjtdplkpUe;J ngw;W mth;fs; vOjpa nra;jp xd;whfNt ,Uf;fpd;wJ.  mth;fsJ nra;jp “Njtdpd; kfpik” vDk; rpwe;j nra;jpia ika Nehf;fkha;;; nfhz;bUe;jJ.

                nkhj;jkhf 66 Gj;jfq;fs; vOjg;gl;lJ.  mitfs; KiwNa 39 gioa Vw;ghl;L Gj;jfq;fs;> 27 Gjpa Vw;ghl;L Gj;jfq;fs;.  ,itfis 39 Mf;fpNahd;fs; %d;W fz;lq;;fspypUe;J (Mrpah> INuhg;gh kw;Wk; Mg;gphpf;fh) %d;W ghi\fspy; (vgpNuak;> muhkpak; kw;Wk; fpNuf;fk;)-vd  Vwj;jho 1500 tUl fhy ,ilntspf;Fs; vOjpdh;.  ,Ug;gpDk; mth;fsJ nra;jp Kuz;gltpy;iy.  Njt kfpikf;F VJthf ,NaR fpwp];Jtpy; fhzg;gLk; ek;gpf;ifia njspthf ntspg;gLj;jpdh;.  Ntjhfk Mf;fpNahd;fisg; gw;wpa ,e;j cz;ikfs; Ntjhfkj;jpd; xw;Wik kw;Wk; rpwg;Gj; jd;ikia ep&gpf;fpd;wJ.

  1. F. iggpspd; %yg; gpujp mUsg;gLjy;

   mUsg;gLjy; tiuaiw (Definition of Inspiration)

 

Njtd; jdJ ntspg;ghl;il vt;tpj jtWkpd;wp kDf;Fyj;jpw;Ff; nfhLf;Fk;gbahf Ntjhfk Mrphpah;fis jdJ KO%r;rhd fz;fhzpg;gpw;Fs; itj;J mth;fsJ jpwik> thh;j;ijfisg; gad;gLj;jp Ntjhfkj;jpd; %yg;gpujpia vOjpdhh;.

‘mUsg;gLjy;’ vd;gjw;F ‘Njt Rthrk;’ (jpNahngdp];Nlh];) vd;W nghUs;.  ,e;j thh;j;ij Gjpa Vw;ghl;by; xU KiwAk; (2 jPNkh. 3 : 16)> mNj Nghd;w thh;j;ij vgpNua ghi\apy; gioa Vw;ghl;by; NahG Gj;jfj;jpYk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ (NahG 32 : 8).

“mUsg;gLjy;” vDk; thh;j;ij iggps; KjyhtJ vOjg;gl;l %yg; gpujpfisf; Fwpg;gplNt gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ@ Mdhy; mjpypUe;J vOjg;gl;l efy;fisNah> my;yJ nkhopahf;fj;ijNah Fwpg;gpLtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy.  rpyh; “fpq; N[k;]; nth;rd;” (KJV) vDk; nkhopahf;fk; %yg; gpujpfisg; Nghy; mUsg;gl;lJ vd rhjpf;f Kay;fpd;wdh;.  mJNghyNt Mrphpah;fs; my;y Mdhy; mth;fspd; vOj;Jf;fs; %y gpujpapy; Njtdhy; mUsg;gl;lJ (fz;fhzpf;fg;gl;lJ).

mUsg;gLjypd; %d;W gFjpfs;

 

  1. nja;tPf fhuzp : NjtNd ,jd; %y fhuzh;.
  2. jPh;f;fjhprd Clfk; : Mrphpah;fs; jq;fspd; nrhe;j jpwikfisg; Njt rpj;jg;gb gad;gLj;jpdh;.
  3. nja;tPf mjpfhuk; : cgNjr kw;Wk; r%f tp\aq;fspy; Ntjhfkk; kl;LNk ,Wjpj; jPh;g;gspg;gjhAk; mjpfhug;gLj;JtjhAk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. rigf;Nfh my;yJ NtW ve;jr; rkaj;jiyth;fSf;Nfh ,t;tpj mjpfhuk; ,y;iy. vt;tpj tpthjj;Jf;Fk; iggps; $Wk; gjpNy ,WjpahdJ.

            ‘mUsg;gLjiy’ tpkh;rpg;gth;fs; (ek;ghjth;fs;) %y gpujpfs; fhzg;glhjitfshAk; mNj Ntisapy; gpioaw;wjhAk; vg;gb ,Uf;f KbAk;? vd;W Nfl;gh;.  ,e;jf; Nfs;tpf;fhd gjpy; Ntjhfkj;ij ek;gfpw ty;Yeh;fshy; kpfj; njspthf ciuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.  “gpioapy;yhj %yg;gpujpfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;glTkpy;iy> mJNghy; gpioAs;s %yg;gpujpiaAk; fhztpy;iy”. gpioAs;s %yg;gpujpfs; ,y;yhjgbahy; Njt Mtpahy; mUsg;gl;l kdf;Fyj;jpw;fhd %yg;gpujpfspd; Njt nra;jpia vt;tpj re;NjfKkpd;wp Vw;Wf;nfhs;s ,aYk;.

 

mUsg;gLjypd; jd;ikfs;

 

  1. thh;j;ij mUsg;gLjy; : fpNuf;f ghi\apy; ‘fpuhg;gh’ vDk; nrhy;ypw;F ‘vOj;Jf;fs;’ vd;gJ nghUs;. vdNt> iggpspy; vOjg;gl;l nra;jpapd; xt;nthU thh;j;ijfSk; mUsg;gl;litfs; MFk;. (2 jPNkh. 3 : 16 @ kj;. 5 : 18).
  1. KOtJk; mUsg;gLjy; : ‘gpspdwp’ (Plenary) vd;why; KOikAk; my;yJ midj;Jk; vd;gjhFk;. MfNt> Ntjhfkj;jpd; xt;nthU gFjpAk; Kw;wpYk; Njtdhy; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ (2 jPNkh. 3 : 16). VNjh xU gFjp kl;LNk mUsg;gLjy; vd;gjw;F ,lkpy;iy.  KO NtjhfKk; Njtdhy; kl;Lk; mUsg;gl;lJ.
  1. jtwpy;yhik : mjhtJ Ntjhfkk; ,jd; vOj;jpYk; kw;Wk; xOf;fk;> r%f rl;lq;fs;> kdpj cwTfs; Nghd;w ,jd; midj;J NghjidfspYk; jtww;wjhapUf;fpd;wJ.  fhuzk; ‘Njtd; ngha;Aiuahjth;’ (Heb. 6 : 18).
  1. trd mjpfhuk; : guNyhfk; kw;Wk; cyfk; rhh;e;j cz;ik Fwpj;J tpthjk; vOk;Gk; ve;j tp\aj;jpYk; mjid cWjpg;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuk; nfhz;ljha; Ntjhfkk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ (Nah. 10 : 35).

mUsg;gLjypd; %d;W gpujhd nfhs;iffs;

 

  1. mbg;gilg; Nghjid : Ntjhfkk; NjtDila cz;ikahd thh;j;ijahAk;> ekJ tpRthrj;jpd; mbg;gilahfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ.  ,JNt rhpahd fUj;J.
  1. etPd Nghjid : Ntjhfkk; NjtDila xUrpy thh;j;ijiaj; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. mjhtJ> Ntjhfkj;jpd; xUrpy gFjpfNs Njtdhy; mUsg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ. mg;gFjpfs; kl;LNk Njt thh;j;ijfs;.  ,f;nfhs;ifg;gb mUsg;gl;l Ntj gFjp vJ my;yJ mUs;gglhj gFjp vJ vdf; fz;Lgpbg;gJ fbdk;.  vdNt> ,f;nfhs;if jd;dpNy Kuz;gl;ljhapUf;fpwJ.  vdNt etPd Nghjid xU jtwhd fUj;jhFk;.
  1. etPd mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghL : Ntj thf;fpak; fh;j;jUila thh;j;ijahf rpy Ntisfspy; thrpg;NghUf;F khWfpd;wJ. ,f;nfhs;ifg;gb xU egh; Fwpg;gpl;l Ntj gFjpapy; Mo;e;j mwpT my;yJ xspa+l;Ljy; milAk;NghJ mth; thrpj;j mg;gFjp kl;Lk; me;j egUf;F kl;Lk; fh;j;jUila  thh;j;ijahf khWfpd;wJ.  ,JTk; xU kpfj;jtwhd fUj;jhFk;.

gioa Vw;ghl;bd; mUsg;gLjy;

 

  1. gioa Vw;ghL mUsg;gl;lJ vd chpik NfhUfpd;wJ.
    • fh;j;juhfpa Mz;lth; NgRfpwhh; (MNkh]; 3 : 8).
    • ePq;fs; xd;Wk; $l;lTk; Ntz;lhk; (cgh. 4 : 2)
    • mjpNy vOJ (vNu. 36 : 28 @ Vrhah 8 : 1).
  2. gioa Vw;ghL mUsg;gl;lij ep&gpf;f Gjpa Vw;ghL cjtp Ghpfpd;wJ
    • 2 jPNkh. 3 : 16-y; Ntj thf;fpak; vd;gJ gioa Vw;ghl;ilNa Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
    • mg;. 17 : 11 @ ngNuah kf;fs; gioa Vw;ghl;ilNa jPtpukhf Muha;e;jdh;.
    • gioa Vw;ghl;L jPh;f;fjhprdq;fspd; epiwNtWjy; (Y}f;. 24 : 44 @ kj;. 5 : 17)
  3. gioa Vw;ghL mUsg;gl;lij ,NaR fpwp];J cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;
    • Ntj thf;fpak; (Nah. 10 : 35 @ khw;. 7 : 13).

    ,NaRit vjph;f;Fk; tpkh;rdf;fhuh;fs;> ,NaR gioa Vw;ghl;il cwjpg;gLj;j tpy;iy.  khwhf> a+jh;fNshL jd;id xd;wpizj;Jf; nfhs;sNt gioa Vw;ghl;ilf; Fwpg;gpl;lhh; vd;fpd;wdh;.  Mdhy; cz;ik vd;dntdpy; ,NaR a+jh;fNshL jd;id ,izj;Jf; nfhs;s Kaytpy;iy.  mg;gbapUe;jhy; a+jh;fs; nra;j ahtw;iwAk; ,NaR ghuhl;bapUg;ghh;.  khwhf mth;fis mth;fspd; jtWfSf;fhf gyKiw mjl;b fbe;J nfhz;lhh;.

cjhuzk; :  Myaj;jpypUe;J fhRf;fhuh;fisj; Juj;jpdhh; (Nah. 2 : 15).  mth;fisf; “FUlDf;F topfhl;Lk; FUlh;fNs” vd;wioj;jhh;. (kj;. 22 : 29 @ 23 : 16).  a+jh;fs; cz;ikiag; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; NghJ ,NaR mth;fis “rhpahf gjpyspj;jPh;fs;” vdf;$wpg; ghuhl;Lfpd;whh;.  (Y}f;. 10 : 28).  vdNt> ,NaR vg;nghOJk; a+jh;fisr; rhpahf epjhdpj;Jj; nray;gl;lhh;.  Mdhy;> mth;fsplj;jpy; vt;tpj Mjhaj;ijak; Njb mth; ele;J nfhs;stpy;iy. vy;NyhiuAk; rhpahf epahae;jPh;j;jhh;.  vdNt> mth; mbf;fb gioa Vw;ghl;il Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;Ltjd; %yk; mJ Njtdhy; mUsg;gl;lJ vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;.

 

Gjpa Vw;ghLk; Njtdhy; mUsg;gLjy;

 

  1. mUsg;gLjiyf; Fwpj;J ,NaR fpwp];J thf;fspj;Js;shh;

 

  • a+jh;fs; kj;jpapy; rP\h;fis mDg;Gk;NghJ cq;fs; gpjhtpd; Mtpahdth; cq;fs; %ykhf NgRthh; vd;whh; (kj;. 19 : 19-20)
  • NgRgth; ePq;fsy;y> MtpahdtNu (khw;. 13 : 11 @ xyptkiyapy; Nghjid).
  • Mtpahdth; rfyrj;jpaj;jpw;Fs;Sk; cq;fis elj;Jthh; (Nah. 16 : 13).
  • RtpNrrk; mwptpf;ff; $wpd gpujhd fl;lisapy;@ ehd; cq;fSf;Ff; fl;lisapl;l ahitAk; if;fnfhs;Sq;fs; (kj;. 28 : 19> 20).
  1. mg;Ngh];jyh;fs; ,NaRtpd; Nghjidia chpik nfhz;lhbdh;

 

  • ,NaR fphpia nra;aTk; Nghjpf;fTk; njhlq;fpdhh; vd Y}f;fh chpik ghuhl;Lfpd;whh; (Y}f;. 1 : 3-4 @ mg;. 1 : 1-2).
  1. gioa Vw;ghl;Lld; Gjpa Vw;ghL rkkhf ,izj;Jg; ghh;f;fg;gl;lJ

       

        – gTypd; epUgj;ij NgJU gioa Vw;ghl;L gFjpfNshL rkkhf itj;J tifg;gLj;Jfpd;whh; (2 NgJ. 3 : 15 – 16).

        – gTy; Y}f;fh rtpNr\j;ij Ntj thf;fpak; vd;wioj;J jkJ jPNkhj;NjA ep&gj;jpy; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh; (1 jPNkh. 5 : 18.  ,J Y}f;fh 10 : 7 ypUe;J Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

  1. Gjpa Vw;ghl;L Gj;jfq;fspy; cs;s mUsg;gLjYf;fhd Neub Mjhuq;fs;

 

  • RtpNr\j;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sitfs; gioa Vw;ghl;bd; epiwNtWjyhapUf;fpd;wd. (kj;. 1 : 22 @ 2 : 15> 17 @ khw;.1 : 2)
  • “,itfis cgNjrk; gz;Z” vDk; thf;fpak; %yk; gTy; jdJ ep&gk; gioa Vw;ghl;NlhL ,ize;J Njtdhy; mUsg;gl;l thh;j;ijahf ,Ug;gijf; $Wfpd;whh;. (1 jPNkh. 4 : 11-13).
  • ,itfis mwptp (jPj;. 2 : 15)
  1. Gjpa Vw;ghl;L Gj;jfq;fs; Mjp rigfspy; gioa Vw;ghl;ilg; Nghy; thrpf;fg;gLjy;

 

  • a+j n[g$lq;fspy; gioa Vw;ghl;L Ntj thf;fpaq;fs; thrpf;fg;gl;lJ. nghJ rigapy; thrpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gij Y}f;. 4 : 16-18 fhl;Lfpd;wJ (1 jPNkh. 4 : 13).
  • yNthjpf;NfahtpYs;s ep&gj;ij thrpf;Fk;gbahf nfhNyhNr rigahh; Nfl;Lf; nfhs;sg;gl;ldh; (nfhNyh. 4 : 16).
  1. Gjpa Vw;ghl;by; ,jd; Gj;jfq;fs; Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
  • gTy; 1 jPNkh.5 : 18-y; Y}f;fh 10 : 7-If; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;bAs;shh;.
  • a+jh 18-y;> 2 NgJ.3 : 2-3 Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ
  • mg;.1 : 1-2 y; Y}f;fh jdJ Ke;ija vOj;jhd Y}f;fh RtpNr\j;ijf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
  • 1 Nahthd; 1 : 1-y; Nahthd; jdJ RtpNr\j;ij Nkw;Nfhshf vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;whh;.
  1. Muk;g fhy rig

 

  1. Muk;g fhy rigj; jiyth;fs;

,e;jj; jiyth;fs; mg;Ngh];jyh;fspd; fhyj;Jr; rPlh;fs;.

  • cjhuzk; : Nuhkpd; fpspnkd;l; vd;gth; jdJ fl;Liufspy; ehd;F RtpNr\q;fisAk; Ntj thf;fpak; vd;wioj;jhh;.  ,g;gFjpfisf; Fwpg;gpl;L nrhy;Yk;NghJ “Njtd; nrhy;y> ,itfs; vOjg;gl;lJ” vDk; thf;fpaj;ij cgNahfpj;Js;shh;.
  • mg;Ngh];jydhfpa Nahthdpd; rPldhfpa “ghypfhh;g;” (Polycarp) vd;gth; Gjpa Vw;ghl;ilf; Fwpg;gpl rpy Ntisfspy; “Ntj thf;fpak; $WfpwJ” vDk; nrhw;nwhliug; gad;gLj;jpdhh;. vdNt> Gjpa Vw;ghLk; Njt thh;j;ij vd Mjp rigAk;> rigj; jiyth;fSk; tpRthrpj;jij mwpa KbfpwJ.
  1. gpw;fhy rigj; jiyth;fs;

 

                ,th;fs; Muk;gfhy rigj; jiyth;fspd; rPlh;fs;.  rig Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l nge;njnfh];Nj ehspypUe;J fzf;fpLifapy; ,th;fs; rigapd; %d;whk; re;jjpahh; Mth;.

                cjhuzk; : myf;rhe;jphpahtpd; fpspnkd;l; (150-215 fp.gp.) vd;gth; “Ntj thf;fpaq;fs; . . .  epahag; gpukhzj;jpYk;> jPh;f;fjhprdj;jpYk;> MrPh;thjkhd RtpNr\j;jpYk; khwhj mjpfhuk; tha;e;jjhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ” vdf; $Wtjd; %yk; ,uz;L Vw;ghLfSk; xNu Nghy “Njtdhy; mUsg;gl;lit” vDk; jdJ tpRthrj;ij mwpf;ifapLfpd;whh;.  Mk;!  ,U Vw;ghLfSk; Njtdhy; kdpjUf;F mUsg;gl;l Njt thh;j;ijfNs!

  

 ghpRj;j Ntjhfkk; mUsg;gLjypd; Mjhuq;fs;

 

  1. cs; Mjhuq;fs; (mfr; rhd;Wfs;)

 

  • “fh;j;jh; ciuf;fpwhh;” vDk; thf;fpak; trdq;fspy; gyKiw gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
  • Ntjhfkk; fh;j;jUila thh;j;ij vd ghpRj;j Mtpahdth; rhl;rpapLfpd;whh; (2 NgJ. 1 : 20> 21).
  • Ntjhfkj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; tho;it J}a;ikahf khw;Wk; Njt ty;yik.
  • mtpRthrpia fpwp];JTf;F Neuhf jpUg;Gfpd;wJ (vgp. 4 : 12)
  • tpRthrpia tsh;r;rpf;F Neuhf elj;Jfpd;wJ. (1 NgJ. 2 : 2-3)
  • Njrj;ijAk;> rKjhaj;ijAk; tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; J}a;ikf;F Neuhf cah;j;Jfpd;wJ.
  • Ntjhfkj;jpd; xw;Wik
    • 39 Mf;fpNahd;fs; 66 Gj;jfq;fisAk; Vwj;jho 1500 tUl fhy ,ilntspapy; vOjpdh;. ,Ug;gpDk; ,jd; nra;jpapy; Kuz;ghL vJTkpy;iy: xd;Wf;nfhd;W ,ize;J ,Uf;fpd;wJ. xNu nghJr; nra;jpia mit nfhz;Ls;sJ
  1. ntsp Mjhuq;fs;

 

  • njhy;nghUs; Mjhuq;fs;
  • Ntjhfkk; $Wfpd;w 25>000 ,lq;fs; rhpj;jpug+h;tkhdit vdj; njhy;nghUs; Muha;r;rpahsh;fshy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
  • tpkh;rdf;fhuh;fs; re;Njfj;ij vOg;gpa “Vj;jpah;” (Hittites) vdg;gLgth;fs; gz;ila fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j kf;fs; $l;lk; vd Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
  • Ntjhfkj;jpd; nra;jpia cz;ik vd cWjp nra;Ak; rtf;flypy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l Ntjhfk RUs;fs; cs;sd.
  1. Neh;ikahd Njt kdpjuhf (,iwkfd;) ntspg;gl;l ,NaR mjpfhuj;Jld; Ntjhfkj;jpypUe;J Nghjpj;jhh;.
  • mth; mjpfhuj;NjhL Ntj thf;fpaq;fisg; Nghjpj;jJ> iggps; Njtdhy; mUsg;gl;lJ vd;gij cWjpg;gLjJfpd;wJ (khw;. 1 : 22).
  1. epiwNtwpa jPh;f;fjhprdq;fs;

 

  • jhdpNay; 12 : 4-y; mwpTk;> njhiyj;njhlh;GfSk; ngUfpg;Nghk; vd;w thh;j;ijfs; epiwNtwpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
  • ,];uNty; Njrj;jpd; kPl;G kw;Wk; Gduikg;G (Vrhah 61 : 4).
  • Fwpg;G: ,e;j Kd;Fwpg;G jPh;f;fjhprd rpwg;gk;rq;fs; Fuhd; kw;Wk; ,e;J Ntjq;fspy; ,y;iy.

 

  1. Ntjhfkj;jpd; trPfuj;jd;ik / r%f jhf;fk;

 

  • Ntjhfkj;jpd; Nghjid kw;Wk; gpu];jhgj;jpd; thapyhf gy ehLfs; ey;nyhOf;f Nkk;ghl;il mile;jd.
  • fhl;Lkpuhz;bfs; $l Ntjhfkj;ij tpRthrpg;gth;fshfTk; khwp gpd;G rKjhaj;jpy; rpwe;j kf;fshfTk; khwpdh;> Kd;Ndwpdh;.
  1. Ntjhfkj;ij mopf;f Kbahj epiy

 

  • Nuhkg; Nguurpd; lNahf;Ns\pad; (fp.gp. 303) vd;gth; Ntjhfkj;ij Kw;wpYk; mopj;J xJf;f Kaw;rpj;jhh;. Mdhy; ,g;nghOJk; Ntjhfkk; kpfg;gue;j mstpy; ntspaplg;gLfpd;wJ (khw;. 13 : 31).
  • mNdf gpw rhk;uh[;aq;fs; Ntjhfkj;ij mopf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;Lj; Njhy;tpaile;Js;sJ. ,Wjpapy; mopf;f Kad;w uh[;aq;fNs Njhy;tpaile;J> rpjwpaJ. (cjh. fk;a+dpr u\;ah).
  1. Ntjhfk Mrphpah;fspd; rpwg;Gj;jd;ik

 

  • kpff;fLikahd Jd;gj;jpd; kj;jpapYk; jq;fspd; tpRthrk; kw;Wk; cgNjrj;jpy; cz;ikAs;sth;fshf kuzk; tiuf;Fk; cWjpaha; epd;wdh;.
  • mth;fs; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j Nghyp jPh;f;fjhprpfs; vy;NyhNuhLk; xg;gpLifapy; Ntj trdq;fis vOjpNahh; ey;nyhOf;fkhd tho;f;if tho;e;jdh;.
  1. Ntjhfk Gj;jfq;fspd; njhFj;jy; kw;Wk; mq;fPfhpg;G (Canonicity)

 

fUg;nghUs; :  fpNuf;f ghi\apy; “fNdhd;” (Kanon) vd;gjw;F “Nfhy; my;yJ msTNfhy;” vd;gJ nghUs;.  “fNdh” vd;gJ vgpNua ghi\apy; ‘msT Nfhy;’ vdg; nghUs;gLfpd;wJ (vNr. 40 : 3).  tpRthrj;jpw;F ,J gad;gLj;jg;gl;lNghJ Muk;g fhy fpwp];jth;fs; :”tpRthrj;jpd; mstPL” my;yJ “rpwg;ghd vOj;Jf;fs;” / mjpfhug+h;tkhd Ntj thf;fpaq;fs; vJ vdj; jPh;khdpf;Fk; mstPL vDk; nghUs; nfhz;lJ.

        fNdhdp]pl;b (Canonicity) vDk; thh;j;ijapd; ,iz thh;j;ijfs; “ghpRj;j vOj;Jf;fs;> mjpfhug+h;t thf;fpaq;fs;> jPh;f;fjhprd Gj;jfq;fs;” vd;gitfs; MFk;.

Ntjhfkj; njhFg;G / mstPL Fwpj;j jtwhd fz;Nzhl;lk;

 

  1. Gj;jfj;jpd; goik fhyk; njhd;ik mq;fPfhpg;igj; jPh;khdpj;jJ.
    • ,J jtW. Vnddpy; goq;fhy E}yhd ahNrhpd; Gj;jfk; gioa Vw;ghl;L fhNdhdpy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy.
  1. vgpNua my;yJ fpNuf;f ghi\ mq;fpfhpg;ig eph;zapj;jJ.
    • ,JTk; jtW. Vnddpy; mNukpa nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l gFjpfSk; gioa Vw;ghl;by; fhzg;gl;lJ. (jhdp. 2 : 4 – 7 : 28).  vy;yh nkhopfSk; NjtDf;Fg; gphpakhdNj.
  1. gQ;rhfkj;NjhL xj;Jg;Nghjy; mq;fPfhpg;ig eph;zapj;jJ.
    • ‘lhy;kl;’ (Talmud) kw;Wk; ‘kpl;wh\;’ (Midrash) Nghd;wit “Ntjhfkj;jpd; Kjy; Ie;J Gj;jfq;fNshL (gQ;rhfkk;) xj;jpUf;fpd;wd. MapDk; mitfs; Njt thh;j;ijfshf mq;fPfhpf;fg;gltpy;iy.
  1. rka kjpg;G mq;fPfhpg;ig eph;;zapj;jJ.
  • js;Sgbahfkq;fs; rka kjpg;ig cilajhapUe;jJ. vdpDk; mitfs; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gltpy;iy.

cz;ikapy; Gj;jfj;jpd; jukjpg;G mjd; mq;fPfhpg;gpw;F fhuzkhf vz;zg;gl;lJ.  vdpDk; mjid kl;Lk; itj;J ve;jg; Gj;jfKk; mstplg;gltpy;iy.

njhFj;jy; / mstPL Fwpj;j rhpahd fz;Nzhl;lk;

 

                Gj;jfq;fspd; mUsg;gLjy; mjd; mq;fPfhpg;ig cWjpnra;fpd;wJ. mUsg;gLjy; – vd;gJ Ntj trdq;fs; %yg;gpujpapy; vOjg;gLk;NghJ Njtd; KO %r;Rld; fz;fhzpj;J trdj;ij ekf;F mUspdhh; vd;Dk; fUj;jhFk;.

njhFj;jy; / mstPL Fwpj;j Ie;J mbg;gil myFfs;

 

  1. Gj;jfk; mjpfhuKilajhapUf;fpd;wjh? (Njtdplj;jpypUe;J te;jjhfTk; Njtdpd; Fzhjpraq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jk; jd;ik nfhz;ljhAk; Gj;jfk; chpik NfhUfpd;wjh?)
  2. ,J jPh;f;fjhprd kw;Wk; tuyhw;W Gj;jfkhf ,Uf;fpwjh? (tuyhw;Wj; jtW Ntjhfkg; Gj;jfj;jpy; ,y;yhkypUf;f Ntz;Lk;.)
  3. ,J ek;gj;jFe;jjha; ,Uf;fpwjh? (NjtidAk; kdpjidAk; gw;wpa cz;ikia Gj;jfk; $Wfpd;wjh?)
  4. ,J Njt ty;yik cilajhapUf;fpd;wjh? (tho;tpy; ew;gz;Gfshf khw;Wk; ty;yik).
  5. ,J ahUf;F Neubahf vOjg;gl;lNjh me;j kf;fs; my;yJ rig ,ij Njt thh;j;ijahf Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;fsh? mjhtJ ,J Njtdhy; jug;gl;lJ vd kf;fs; mq;fPfhpj;jhh;fsh? (cjh. fyhj;jpah rig Njt nra;jpiag; gTypd; epUgk; %ykhf Njtd; mth;fSf;Ff; nfhLj;jhh; vd Vw;Wf; nfhz;ldh;.)

            ,t;tpj mbg;gil Ie;J myFfSf;Fk; nghUe;jhj Gj;jfq;fs; Njt Mtpahdtuhy; mUsg;gl;lit vd Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl tpy;iy.  MfNt> mt;thW nghUe;jhjitfs; Ntjhfkj;jpy; Nrh;f;fg;gltpy;iy.

gioa vw;ghl;Lj; njhFg;G mq;fPfhpg;gpd; Nkk;ghL (tsh;r;rp epiy)

 

  1. Gj;jfq;fs; gbg;gbahf Nrfhpf;fg;gl;ljd; Mjhuk;.
  • gpw;fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j Njt kdpjh;fs; jq;fspd; Ke;ija jPh;f;fjhprd vOj;Jf;fisr; Nrfhpj;jdh;. jhdpNay; vNukpahtpd; vOj;Jf;fis itj;jpUe;jhh;. (jhdp. 9 : 2).
  1. jPh;f;fjhprd njhlhr;rpf;fhd Mjhuk;

NjtDila fl;lisapd;gb NkhNr Njtdpd; ntspg;gLj;jy;fis vOjj; njhlq;fpdhh;. (ahj;. 17 : 14)@ NkhNrapd; vOj;ij;j njhlh;e;J NahRth> rhKNty; Nghd;w Njt kdpjh;fSk; vOjpdh;.

  1. NkhNrf;Fg; gpd; NahRth njhlh;e;jhh; (NahR. 24 : 26)
  2. NahRthTf;Fg;gpd; “me;ehl;fspy;” vDk; nrhw;nwhliug; gad;gLj;jp epahahjpgjpfs; njhlh;e;jdh; (epah. 17 : 6 @ 18 : 1 @ 21 : 25).
  3. jhtPjpd; rhpj;jpuk; rhKNtypdhy; vOjg;gl;lJ (1 rhKNty;)> ‘ehj;jhd;’ kw;Wk; ‘fhj;’ (1 ehsh. 29 : 29) MfpNahUk; vOjpdh;.
  4. jPh;f;fjhprpfshd ehj;jhd;. mfpah kw;Wk; ,j;Njh vd;gth;fshy; rhyNkhdpd; rhpj;jpuk; gjpT nra;ag;gl;lJ (2 ehsh. 9 : 29).
  5. nuNfhngahkpd; elgbfs; nrkhah kw;Wk; ,j;Njh vd;gth;fshy; vOjg;gl;lJ. (2 ehsh. 12 : 15).
  6. mgpahtpd; rhpj;jpuk; ,j;Njhtpdhy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ (2 ehsh. 13 : 22).
  7. Nahrghj; uh[htpd; murhl;rpahdJ na$ vDk; jPh;f;fjhprpahy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. (2 ehsh. 20 : 34).
  8. vNrf;fpah uh[htpd; Ml;rpahdJ Vrhahtpdhy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ (2 ehsh. 32 : 32).
  9. khdhNrapd; tho;f;ifahdJ jPh;f;fjhprp xrh-thy; vOjg;gl;lJ. (2 ehsh. 33 : 19).
  10. NtW mNef uh[hf;fs; jq;fspd; tuyhw;iwj; jPh;f;fjhprpfisf; nfhz;L vOjpdh; (2 ehsh. 35 : 27).
  • vNukpah $wpaij ghUf; vOjpdhh; (vNu. 36 : 18 @ 45 : 1).
  • uh[hf;fs; Kjy; vNukpah tiuapyhd Gj;jfj;ijj; njhFj;J epiwT nra;j ngUik vNukpahtpw;F tUfpwJ.
  • vNukpahtpw;Fg; gpd; jhdpNay;> vNrf;fpNay; vd;gth;fs; jPh;f;fjhprd Copaj;jpy; njhlh;e;jdh;. jPh;f;fjhprpfspd; mjpfhu g+h;tkhd vOj;Jhpikia vNrf;fpNay; cWjp nra;jhh; (vNr.13 : 9).
  • ghgpNyhdpy; fhzg;gl;l a+jh;fs; NkhNr Kjy; jhdpNay; tiuf;Fk; cs;s Mrphpah;fs; vOjpd Gj;jfq;fisj; njhFj;J itj;jpUe;jdh;. (jhdp. 9 : 2 @ vNukpah vOjpa Gj;jfk; jhdpNayplk; fhzg;gl;lJ).
  • gpd; v];wh ,j;njhFf;Fk; gzpiaj; njhlh;e;J nenfkpahTld; epiwT nra;jhh; (neNf. 8 : 1-8).

        Nkw;fz;l Mjhuq;fspd; %yk; vgpNua Ntjhfkj;jpd; ,e;j ,Ugj;jpuz;L Gj;jfq;fSk; jPh;f;fjhprpfshy; vOjg;gl;L jPh;f;fjhprpfspd; tk;rj;jpdhy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;L Njt kdpjh;fshy; Vwj;jho fp. K. 400-y; njhFj;J mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;L@ mg;NghNj Ntjhfk Gj;jfq;fshf cWjp nra;ag;gl;lJ vd mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.

gioa Vw;ghl;L Gj;jfq;fs; fp.K. 400-y; vOjp Kbf;fg;gl;ld vd;gjw;fhd rhd;Wfs;

 

  • a+j tuyhw;wpd; Mrphpauhd Nahrpgh]; vOjpAs;shh; kw;Wk; a+j jhy;KJ (Talmud)  ,jidf;  Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
  • “filrp ehl;fspy; jPh;f;fjhprpfshd Mfha;> rfhpah kw;Wk; ky;fpah Nghd;Nwhhpd; Copaj;jpw;Fg;gpd; ghpRj;j Mtpahdth; ,];uNtiytpl;L tpyfptpl;lhh; vd jhy;KJ $WfpwJ.
  • Gjpa Vw;ghl;L E}y;fs; kw;Wk; ,NaR fpwp];JTk; ky;fpahtp;d fhyj;jpw;Fg;gpd; vOjg;gl;l ve;jj; js;Sgbahfkg; Gj;jfq;fisAk; mjpfhug+h;tkhditfshff; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy.

gioa Vw;ghl;L Gj;jf mq;fPfhpg;gpd; vy;if (msT)

 

                gioa Vw;ghl;by; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; mq;fPfhpf;fg;glhj Gj;jfq;fisf; fhl;Lk; tifapy; ehd;F gphpTfs; cs;sd.

1.

N`hNkhnyN`hkpdh

=

,Ug;gij mg;gbNa xd;whfg; NgRjy; (mjpfhuj;Jld;)

2.

Md;bnyN`hkpdh

=

Vjpuhfg; NgRjy; (vjph; fUj;J)

3.

Mg;Nghfpuhgh

=

kiwf;fg;gl;lit / re;Njfj;jpw;Fhpait

4.

rpANlhgpfpuhgh

=

jtwhf vOj;Jf;fs; (Nghyp gj;jfk;)

  1. N`hNkhnyN`hkpdh (Homologoumena)

 

39 gioa Vw;ghl;L Gj;jfq;fspy; 34 Gj;jfq;fis a+j kjj; jiyth;fs;; vg;NghJk; vjph;g;Gfspd;wp mg;Gj;jfq;fspy; ,Ug;gij mg;gbNa Vw;Wf; nfhz;ldh;.

  1. Mz;bnyN`hkpdh (Antilegomena)

 

gioa Vw;ghl;bd; fPo;f;fz;l Ie;J Gj;jfq;fs; mitfs;.  Njtdhy; mUsg;gl;lJ vd;gijg; gw;wp tpkh;rdf; fhuh;fs; Kuzhf gy vjph; fUj;Jfisf; $wpdh;.

cd;djg;ghl;L

 

,jd; gpujhd Nehf;fk; jpUkzj;jpd; rpwg;Gj; jd;ik vd;gjhFk;.  jw;Nghija ,yf;fpa E}y;fisf; fhl;bYk; ,jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s fztd; – kidtp md;gpd; J}a;ik rpwe;jjhFk;.

v];jh;

 

‘g+hpk;’ vDk; gz;bif Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ (v];jh; 9 : 26-28).  Gw [hjp Njrj;jpy; Njtd; kiwthd Kiwapy; jd;id ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shh;.  ,g;Gj;jfj;jpy; mq;Nf epytpa vjph;g;G #o;epiyahy; Njtd; vd;Dk; thh;j;ij Neubahff; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy.  vdpDk; ,J Njt jpl;lj;jpd; xU gFjpNa.

gpurq;fp

 

,jd; ek;gpf;ifapy;yh epiyapy; mike;j vjph;kiw fz;Nzhl;lk; mwpQh;fshy; Nfs;tp vOg;gg;gl;lJ.  ,jw;fhd rhpahd gjpy;> vjph;kiw kdpjd; jd; Ra topapy; tho tpUk;Gfpd;whd;.  Mdhy; ,Wjpapy; mt;thW thOk; kdpjd; Njhy;tpaile;J Njtidj; NjLk; epiyf;F js;sg;gLfpd;whd; (gpu. 12 : 13) vd;gjhFk;.

        vNrf;fpNay;

 

,J NkhNrapd; epahag;gpukhzj;jpw;F Kuzhf cs;sJ vd tpkh;rpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.  Mdhy; ,jw;F jFe;j Mjhuq;fs; vJTk; tpkh;rpg;gth;fshy; ju ,aytp;y;iy.  vdNt> gioa Vw;ghl;L Gj;jfq;fspy; ,JTk; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

        ePjpnkhopfs;

 

Kuz;ghlhf Njhd;Wfpd;w ePjp. 26 : 4> 5 trdq;fshy; ,g;Gj;jfk; tpkh;rpf;fg;gl;lJ.  Mdhy; ,J Kl;lhspd; Nfs;tp.  #o;epiy kw;Wk; %lj;jdj;ijg; nghWj;jJ.

vdNt> mwpQh;fsplk; vjph; fUj;Jfs; ,Ug;gpDk; ,itfs; Ntjhfkj;jpy; vjph;g;gpd;wp Nrh;f;fg;gl;ld.

  1. mg;Nghfpuhgh (Apocrypha)

 

gioa kw;Wk; Gjpa Vw;ghLfSf;fpilNaAs;s 400 – Mz;L fhy ,ilntspia tuyhw;Wf; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; ,izf;Fk;> Njtdhy; mUsg;glhj 15 Gj;jfq;fs; ,itfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.  gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fshy; mitfs; Ntjhfkg; Gj;jfq;fspy; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy.

  • Gjpa Vw;ghl;by; mg;Nghfpuhgh Gj;jfq;fspypUe;J vJTk; Nkw;Nfhshff; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy.
  • vgpNua Ntjhfkj;jpy; Njtdhy; mUsg;gl;l Gj;jfq;fshf 22 Gj;jfq;fis kl;Lk; Fwpg;gpl;L a+j tuyhw;whrphpah; ‘Nahrpgh];’ ,itfis epuhfhpj;Js;shh;.
  • a+j rKjhak; ,g;Gj;jfq;fis Ntjhfkg; Gj;jfq;fshf xUNghJk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy.
  • ,NaR fpwp];J xUNghJk; ,itfspypUe;J vJTk; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy.
  • Muk;gfhy rigj; jiyth;fs; ,itfis Vw;f kWj;jdh;.
  • yj;jPd; ‘ty;Nfl;” I nkhopngah;j;j n[Nuhk; vd;gth; ,itfs; mUsg;gl;l Njt thh;j;ijfs; vd;Dk; fUj;ij epuhfhpj;Js;shh;.
  • 1518-y; M];ngh;f; efhpy; Y}jiu (Luther) vjph;j;j fj;Njhypf;f jiyth; fN[jd; (Cajetan) jdJ tpsf;fTiu Gj;jfj;jpy; ,itfisr; Nrh;f;ftpy;iy.
  • ,g;Gj;jfq;fspy; rpy tuyhw;Wg; gpiofs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. (jgpj;. 1 : 3-5 @ 4 : 11).
  • ,itfspy; gy jtwhd Nghjidfs; iggps; fUj;JfSf;F vjpuhf cs;sd.
  • rpwg;Gj; jPh;f;fjhprdg; gFjpfs; js;Sgbahfkq;fspy; Fwpg;gpLk;gb ,y;iy.
  1. rpANlhgpfpuhgh

               

                ,g;Gj;jfq;fs; jtwhditfisf; $Wtjhy; ,J Njtdhy; mUsg;gl;ljh vd tpthjpf;f mtrpakpy;iy.  ,itfs; Nghypfshy; vOjg;gl;l jtwhd Gj;jfq;fshFk;.

Gjpa Vw;ghl;L (eph;zaj;jpd;) mq;fPfhpg;gpd; Nkk;ghL (tsh;r;rp epiy)

 

  1. Gjpa Vw;ghl;L mq;fPfhpg;gpw;fhd mtrpak;

 

gioa Vw;ghl;NlhL rk;ge;jg;gl;l gy E}y;fs;> Gjpa Vw;ghl;L fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gl;ld.  ,e;j kpFjpahd E}y;fspypUe;J Gjpa Vw;ghl;L E}y;fisr; rhpahfj; juk;;gphpj;J fz;Lgpbf;f Gjpa Vw;ghl;L Gj;jf eph;zak; mtrpakhapw;W.

  1. mjpfhug+h;tkhd Nrfhpg;igj; J}z;ba fhuzpfs;

 

       

1.

rigapay;

–

rigapy; ve;j Gj;jfq;fs; thrpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk; – vdj; jPh;khdpf;f Ntz;ba mtrpak; Vw;gl;lJ.

2.

,iwapay;

–

Ntjhfk Gj;jfq;fSf;F ,izahf jtwhd Gj;jfq;fs; vOj;Jhpikiaf; NfhhpaJ – vdNt jtwhd Gj;jfq;fisj; juk; gphpj;J xJf;f Ntz;ba mtrpak; Vw;gl;lJ.

3.

murpay;

–

rigf;F Vw;gl;l Jd;gk; kw;Wk; Gj;jfq;fspd; mopT – Ntj trdq;fis mopf;f Kay;gthplkpUe;J ghJfhf;f Ntz;ba mtrpak; te;jJ.

  1. Gjpa Vw;ghL mq;fPfhpg;ig cWjpnra;Ak; cz;ikfs;

 

  1. i) rigj;jiyth;fspd; rhl;rp

        fp.gp. 200- fhyj;ija fpwp];jt jiyth;fs; 36>000-f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l jq;fs; Fwpg;NgLfspy; Gjpa Vw;ghl;bd; 27 Gj;jfq;fspypUe;Jk; ‘Nkw;Nfhs;fs;’ fhl;bAs;sdh;.

  1. ii) Muk;gfhy Ntjhfk nkhopahf;fj;jpypUe;J rpy rhl;rpfs;
  1. 2 NgJU mJNghy; 2 & 3> Nahthd;> a+jh kw;Wk; ntspg;gLj;jpd tpNrrk; Mfpaitfs; jtpu Vida Gjpa Vw;ghl;L E}y;fs; gioa rphpaf; nkhopahf;;fj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. ,g;Gj;jfq;fs; ,y;yhikf;fhd fhuzj;ij Ntj ty;Yeh; F. nt];fhl; vd;gth; ,t;thwhff; $wpAs;shh;> “,g;Gj;jfq;fs; Muk;gfhy Nkw;fj;jpa rigfSf;F vOjg;gl;litfs;@ Mdhy; rphpaf; rigahdJ fpof;Fg; gFjpapy; fhzg;gl;lJ. J}uk; kw;Wk; Nghjpa cWjp nra;Ak; jfty; njhlh;G ,y;yhik Nghd;wit ,g;Gj;jfq;fspd; fhyjhkjkhd mq;fpfhpg;G kw;Wk; fpof;fj;jpa Ntjhfkj;jpy; ,lk; ngwhik Nghd;wtw;wpw;F fhuzkhapw;W.
  1. Mjp yj;jPd; nkhopahf;fk;: ,jpy; vgpNuA> ahf;NfhG>      1  NgJU epUgq;fs; ,lk; ngwtpy;iy.   ,jw;fhd fhuzk; nt];fhl; vd;gtuhy; rphpaf; Ntjhfkj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fshf nfhLf;fg;gl;litfSf;F Neh; vjpuhf fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
  1. Kwl;Nlhhpad; Gj;jf njhFg;G vd;gJ (170 fp.gp.) Mjp yj;jPd; Gj;jfj; njhFg;gpw;F xj;jjha; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
  1. Nfhlhf;]; gNuhNfhrpNah (206 fp.gp.) gioa Vw;ghl;L v];jh;> Gjpa Vw;ghl;L ntspg;gLj;jpd tpNrrk; jtpu Vida 64 Gj;jfq;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
  1. Mh;j;njhlhf;]; fpwp];jt je;ijahd mnyf;];rhe;jhpahtpd; mj;jNd\pa]; vd;gth; (373 fp.gp.) Gjpa Vw;ghl;bd; 27 Gj;jfq;fisAk; njspthfj; njhFj;Js;shh;.
  1. `pg;Ngh (393 fp.gp.) kw;Wk; fhh;j;Nj[; (397 fp.gp.)-y; ele;j rigr; rq;f MNyhrid $l;lj;jpy; Gjpa Vw;ghl;bd; 27 Gj;jfq;fSf;fhd mq;fPfhuk; cWjpnra;ag;gl;lJ. (Mdhy; mth;fs; gioa Vw;ghl;L mg;Nghfpuhgh E}y;fisAk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;ldh;.  fhuzk; me;j MNyhridf; FOtpy; Gfo;tha;e;j vgpNua ty;Yeh;fs; xUtUk; fye;J nfhs;s tpy;iy)

                ,e;jr; rhd;Wfs; ehk; ,d;W nfhz;bUf;Fk; Gjpa Vw;ghl;Lg; Gj;jfq;fs; midj;Jk; Mjp rigahy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L te;jit vd cWjp nra;fpd;wd.

  1. Gjpa Vw;ghl;L mq;fPfhpg;gpd; vy;if tphpT

 

  1. N`hNkhnyN`hkpdh : 27 Gjpa Vw;ghl;L Gj;jfq;fspy; 20 Gj;jfq;fs; midtuhYk; vjph;g;G ,y;yhky; xg;Gf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
  1. Md;bnyN`hkpdh : 7 Gj;jfq;fs; rpy fhuzq;fshy; tpkh;rdj;jpw;Fs;shapd. Tpkh;rdq;fSk; mitfSf;fhd gjpYk; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
  1. vgpNuah; : ,jd; MrphpaUf;fhd ve;j MjhuKk; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy.

gjpy; : Nkw;F rig ,jid Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.  NkYk; ,J Njtdhy; mUsg;gl;lJ vd;gjw;fhd Mjhuk; vgp. 1 : 1 @ 2 : 3>4 @ 13 : 22 Nghd;w gFjpfspy; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

  1. ii) ahf;NfhG : ,jd; Nghjid Gjpa Vw;ghl;L Nghjid ,iwapaYf;F Kuzhf cs;sJ vdr; rpyh; fUjpdh;.

gjpy; : ,iwapay; ty;Yeh;fs; Xhp`d; kw;Wk; n[Nuhk; vd;gth;fspd; KO Kaw;rpahy; Nkw;F rig ,g;Gj;jfq;fis mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;litfshf Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.

  1. 2 NgJU : ,jd; mikg;G 1 NgJUtpypUe;J NtWgl;L ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

gjpy; :  ghl;kh; %y efy; (P.72) vDk; 3-k; E}w;whz;by; vfpg;jpy; ,Ue;j Rtby; 2 NgJU fhzg;gl;lJ.  1 NgJUtpy; vOJNthh; JizAld; NgJU vOjpdhh;.  Mdhy;> 2 NgJU epUgj;ij vOJNthhpd; Jizapy;yhky; NgJUNt vOjpjhy; ,jd; mikg;gpy; NtWghL fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. (1 NgJ. 5 : 12).

  1. iv) 2 & 3 Nahthd; : ,jd; Mrphpah; gw;wpa ek;gfj;jd;ikia tpkh;rdf;fhuh;fs; Nfs;tp vOg;gpAs;sdh;.

gjpy; :  1 Nahthd; epUgj;jpd; mikg;G 2> 3 Nahthdpy; njspthf cs;sJ. vdNt> 1 Nahthdpd; MrphpaUk; 2> 3 Nahthdpd; MrphpaUk; mg;Ngh];jyh; Nahthd; vd cWjp nra;ayhk;.  Kul;Nlhhpad; Gj;jf njhFg;G (170 fp.gp.) kw;Wk; Mjp yj;jPd; Gj;jf njhFg;G ,itfis (2 & 3 Nahthd;) nfhz;Ls;sJ.

  1. v) a+jh : ‘rpa+Nlhgpfpuhgh’ Gj;jfkhd ‘VNdhf;’ Gj;jfj;jpypUe;J ,jpy; Fwpg;Gfs; Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ (a+ 8> 9> 4-15).

gjpy; :  gTYk; jdJ epUgq;fspy; a+jh; my;yJ fpwp];jtuy;yhj ftpQh;;fspd; Fwpg;Gfisg; gad;gLj;jpAs;shh; (mg;. 17 : 28 @ 1 nfhhp. 15 : 33 @ jPj;J 1 : 12)@ kw;Wk; ghl;kh; ghg;gpu]; (P.72) Mjp rigapy; ,e;j epUgk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lij cWjp nra;fpd;wJ.  NkYk; tha;top ghuk;ghpaj;jpypUe;J VNdhf; Gj;jf vOj;jhsh; Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;bapUf;fyhk;. mNj tha;top ghuk;ghpa fUj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp a+jh jd; epUgj;ij vOjpdhh; vdf; fUjyhk;.

  1. vi) ntspg;gLj;jpd tpNr\k; : Mapu tUl murhl;rpiag; gw;wpa nra;jp Kuz;ghlhdJ. NkYk; Jh; cgNjrpfshy; ,J jtwhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.  vdNt> rpyh; ,e;jg; Gj;jfj;ij vjph;j;jdh;.

gjpy; :  rigj;jiyth;fs; vOjpa Gj;jfq;fspy; Kjd; Kjypy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l Gj;jfq;fspy; ,JTk; xd;whFk;.  ghp. n[Nwhk; ,jid Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;shh;.  NkYk;> Mapu tUl murhl;rpf;F vjpuhd ve;jnthU fUj;Jk; iggpspy; ,y;iy.

  1. mg;Nghfpuhgh : Gjpa Vw;ghl;ilg; nghWj;jtiuapy;> ,JTk; rpa+Nlhgpfpuhgh-Tk; xd;WNghy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy;> mitfs; Fiwe;jJ xU rigj;jiytuhy; kjpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.  (rpa+Nlh gh;zgh]pd; epUgk; (fp.gp.70-79)> nfhhpe;jpaUf;fhd epUgk; (fp.gp. 96) kw;Wk; vgpNuaUf;fhd RtpNr\k; (65-100 fp.gp.) Nghd;wit ,g;Gj;jfq;fspd; cjhuzq;fs; MFk;.)  ,g;Gj;jfq;fisr; rig MNyhridr; rq;fq;fs; mq;fPfhpf;ftpy;iy.
  1. rpa+Nlhgpfpuhgh : ,itfs; kdpjd; jd; Ra mwptpdhy; Njtid miljy; Nghd;w jtwhd Nghjidiaf; nfhz;l Vwj;jho 300-f;Fk; mjpfkhd Gj;jfq;fs;. rpy cjhuzq;fis ,q;Nf fhz;Nghk;.

Njhkhtpd; RtpNr\k;@ NgJUtpd; RtpNr\k;@ Foe;ijg; gUtk; Fwpj;j mNugpa RtpNr\k;@ jr;R Ntiy nra;j NahNrg;gpd; RtpNr\k;> khpahs; Fwpj;j RtpNr\k;@ Njhkhtpd; elgbfs; (,e;jpahtpy; Njhkh fhzg;gl;lij tpsf;FfpwJ)@ yNthjpf;NfaUf;F vOjpd gTypd; epUgk; (nfhNyh. 4 : 16 mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Nghyp ifg;gpujp)@ Nahthd; Gj;jfj;jpd; ,ufrpak;.  ,itfs; mg;Ngh];jyh;fshy; vOjg;gltpy;iy.

  1. H. Kf;fpakhd %y efy; gpujpfs; (The Major Manuscripts)

 

  1. gioa Vw;ghl;L gpujpfs;

       

  1. Gjpa Vw;ghl;Lg; gpujpfSld; xg;gpLk; NghJ xUrpy gioa Vw;ghl;Lg; gpujpfNs fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jw;fhd fhuzq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
  2. a) ,itfs; vspjpy; mope;J Nghff;$ba goq;fhy vOJ nghUl;fspy; vOjg;gl;lJ.
  3. b) ,];uNtypd; rpiwapUg;G kw;Wk; vjphpfspd; gilnaLg;Gfs; Nghd;wit gpujpfs; gytw;iw vUrNykpy; ghJfhg;gjw;F jilaha; mike;jJ. K.1800 Kjy; 1948 fp.gp. tiuAs;s tuyhw;wpy; 47 Kiw ,];uNty; Njrk; rpiwgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.
  4. c) jhy%j; (Talmud) ghuk;ghpa tof;fg;gb VNjDk; gpujpfs; jtWilajhfNth> cgNahfg;gLj;j Kbahj epiyapy; NkhrkhdjhfNth ,Ue;jhy; mitfs; clNd mopf;fg;gl;ld. Fwpg;ghf fp.gp. 5> 6-k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; cgNahfkpy;yhj mNdf gioa fpope;J Nghd gpujpfis kNrhhpl;l]; vd;Dk; a+j Ntjghufd; mopj;jhd;.
  1. ii) kNrhhpl;bf; %y gpujp
  2. a) gp.5> 6-k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; kNrhhpl;l]; vDk; a+j Ntjghufd; vgpNua vOj;Jf;fSld; capnuOj;Jf;fis Nrh;j;J vgpNua gpujpfis NkYk; juk; tha;e;jjhf khw;wpdhh;. ,th; jahhpj;j kNrhhpl;bf; gpujpfs; FiwthfNt fhzg;gl;ld. MapDk; mitfs; juk; tha;e;jitfshapUe;jd.  gioa Vw;ghl;Lg; gpujpfspd; njspT mitfis gpujp vLj;;j Ntjghufh;fisr; rhh;e;J ,Ue;jJ. mJNghyNt Ntjghufh;fs; Ntjhfkj;jpw;F msg;ghpa kjpg;G nfhLj;jdh;. 

gioa Vw;ghl;L gpujpfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s gy may;ehl;L uh[hf;fspd; ngaiuj; njhy;nghUs; Muha;r;rp ep&gpf;fpwJ.    Vrhah 36-39 kw;Wk; 2 ,uh. 18-20 ,itfs; ,izahdit kw;Wk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fitfshFk;.    fp.K. 3> 2-k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; myf;];rhe;jphpah kw;Wk; vfpg;jpy; fhzg;gl;l vgpNua gioa Vw;ghl;L gpujpapd; fpNuf;f nkhopngah;g;ghd nrg;Lt[d;l; (LXX) nkhopahf;fk; “kNrhhpbf;” gpujpf;F ,izahff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.  ,J fp.gp. 10-k; E}w;whz;by; cs;s vgpNua %yg;gpujpapd; ek;gfj;jd;ikia cWjp nra;fpwJ. 

b      rtf;fly; RUs;fs; : ,e;jf; Fiffisf; Fwpj;j cz;ik fpwp];jt ty;Yeh;fshy;   jpzpf;fg;gl;l xU fz;Lgpbg;G my;y.  Mdhy; 1947-khh;r;-y; KfkJ mjhfpg; vDk; xU ,];yhkpa thypgd; topjtwpd jdJ Ml;ilj; Njbr; nrd;wNghJ vhpNfhtpypUe;J 7.5 iky; njhiytpy; fhzg;gl;l xU Fifapy; fz;Lgpbj;j RUs;fs; MFk;.  me;jf; Fiffs; xUNtis ‘vrd;];’ (Essenes) vd;w a+j kj rpW cl;gphptpd; gbg;gfkha; ,Ue;jpUf;ff; $Lk;.

                Kuhgh vDk; ,lj;jpy; fhyk; Fwpf;fg;gl;l gpujp (132-135 fp.gp.) xd;W fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.  ,J rtf;fly; RUs;fspd; goikiaf; fz;Lgpbf;f cjtpaJ.  NkYk; ,J ‘nkrhhpbf;’ %yg;gpujpf;F kpfTk; neUf;fkhd Mjhukha; ,Ue;jJ. rtf;fly; RUs;fis fhh;gd;-14 vDk; tpQ;Qhd Ma;T %yk; mjd; fhyk; kw;Wk; goikj; jd;ikia mwpa Kbe;jJ.  ,e;j Ma;Tfs; ,e;j Njhy; RUs; gpujpfs; Rkhh; 1917 Mz;LfSf;F Ke;ijaJ.  Njhuhakhf 200 Mz;Lfs; Ke;jpajhf my;yJ gpe;jpajhf ,Uf;fyhk; (10% khWjYf;Fl;gl;lJ).  ,g;gFjpapy; cs;s rtf;fly; gpujpfs; rpy fp.K. 168 kw;Wk; fp.gp.233-f;Fk;  ,ilNaAs;sjha; ,Ue;jJ.  ghypNahfpuhgp (goq;fhy vOj;J tbtk;) kw;Wk; Mh;j;Njhfpuhgp (cr;rhpg;G) Nghd;wit fp.K.100-;f;F Kd; fhzg;gl;l rpy gpujpfisf; Fwpg;gpl cjtpaJ.

        Fwpg;G :  rtf;fly; RUs;fs; 7 Fiffspy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.  ,jpy; Vwj;jho vy;yh gioa Vw;ghl;L E}y;fSk; fhzg;gl;ld.  ,jd; %yg;gpujp “kNrhhpl;bf;” gpujpapd; xw;Wikiaf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.  vdNt> ek;kplk; ,g;NghJ cs;s gioa Vw;ghL re;Njfj;jpw;F ,lkpd;wp kpfTk; ek;gj;jFe;j xd;whFk;.

 

  1. Gjpa Vw;ghl;bd; gpujpfs;

fp.gp. 9-k; E}w;whz;L tiuapYk; fpNuf;f nkhopapy; nghpa vOj;J Kiw fhzg;gl;lJ.  gpd;dh; 9-15 E}w;whz;Lfspy; rpwpa vOj;J Kiw fpNuf;f nkhop gad;ghl;by; te;jJ.

        Gjpa Vw;ghl;L E}y;fspd; mbg;gil %yq;fs;

 

  1. a) fpNuf;f gpujpfs;
  2. b) Mjpfhy nkhopngah;g;Gfs;
  3. c) Mjp rigg; gpjhf;fspd; Nkw;Nfhs;fs;

        fpNuf;f %yg; gpujpfs;

       

        ghg;gpu]; gpujpfs;

 

Nuhkpy; fpwp];jtk; mq;fPfhukw;w kjk; vdf; fUjg;gl;l fp.gp.1 Kjy; 3-k; E}w;whz;L fhyj;jpy; ,e;j ghg;gpu]; gpujpfs; gad;ghl;by; ,Ue;jd.  Muk;gfhyj;jpy; tho;e;j fpwp];jth;fs; ,e;j kypthd nghUis vOj gad;gLj;jpdh;.  ghg;gpu]; gpujpfs; ‘P’ vDk; Mq;fpy vOj;jpy; mwpQh;fshy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ.  P.52, [hz; iwyz;l;]; (117-138 fp.gp.) vDk; gpujp KjyhtJ mwpag;gl;l Gjpa Vw;ghl;Lg; gpujpahff; fhzg;gl;lJ.  ,jpy; Nah. 18 : 31-33> 37-38: Nghd;w gFjpfs; fhzg;gl;ld.  P.45, 46, 47, nr];lh; ngw;wp gg;ighp (fp.gp. 250) vDk; gpujpfspy; Gjpa Vw;ghl;bd; ngUk;ghyhd gFjpfs; fhzg;gl;ld.

P.75-y; njspthfTk; ftdj;JlDk; vOjg;gl;l nghpa vOj;jpy; fp.gp.175> 225 fhyj;ija fpNuf;f vOj;jpy; Y}f;fh kw;Wk; Nahthd; vOjg;gl;bUe;jJ.

fpNuf;f nghpa vOj;Jg; gpujpfs;

 

                fp.gp. 4 Kjy; 9-k; E}w;whz;Lfs; tiuapYk; mNefkhf Njhy; RUs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; vOjg;gl;l Rkhh; 297 gpujpfs; fpilj;jd.  ,itfspy; Mnyg; aB,A,C vd;gitfs; kpf Kf;fpakhditfs;.  fp.gp.1611-y; Ntjhfkj;ij Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhopahf;fk; nra;j (KJV) ty;Yeh;fSf;F ,itfs; fpilf;ftpy;iy.

  1. a) Nfhlf;]; tl;bf;fhd]; (B) : ,J nghpa fpNuf;f vOj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l kpfTk; goik tha;e;j Njhy; RUspy; vOjg;gl;l gpujpfs; (325-350 fp.gp.). ,jpy; ngUk;ghyhd gioa Vw;ghL (nrg;Lt[d;l; – LXX), Gjpa kw;Wk; mg;Nghfpuhgh E}y;fspy; rpy fhzg;gl;ld.
  1. b) Nfhlf;]; i]dhl;bf;f]; (Alepha) : ,J fp.gp.4-k; E}w;whz;L fhyj;ijr; rhh;e;jJ. n[h;kd; fTz;l; b];nrd;uhg; vd;gtuhy; kTz;l; rPdha; vDk; ,lj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l J}a fjhpd; vd;Dk; klhyaj;jpy; ,Ue;J fp.gp. 1844-y; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; gioa Vw;ghl;L E}y;fspy; gFjpAk; (LXX), Gjpa Vw;ghl;by; khw;F 16 : 9-20> Nah. 7 : 58 – 8 : 11 jtpu Vida gFjpfs; fhzg;gl;ld.
  1. c) Nfhlf;]; myf;];rhz;wpd]; (A) : gp. 5-k; E}w;whz;L fhyj;ija ,g;gpujpapy; rpy fpope;j gFjpfs; jtpu midj;J gioa Vw;ghl;L gFjpfSk; kpfj; njspthff; fhzg;gl;ld.

 

  1. d) vg;uhkp nw];fpwpg;l]; Nfhlf;]; (C) vDk; fp.gp.345-Ir; rhh;e;j gpujp fpilj;Js;sJ.
  1. e) Nfhlf;]; NgNr (D) vDk; gpujp Nfhlf;]; fhd;lhgpwP[pad;rp]; (450 fp.gp.) vdTk; milf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J fpNuf;f kw;Wk; yj;jPd; nkhopapy; fhzg;gl;l Gjpa Vw;ghl;bd; goq;fhy ,U nkhopfSs;s gpujp MFk;.
  1. f) Nfhlf;]; fpshNuhNkhd;whd]; (D2 or DP2): ,J fiy eaj;Jld; juk; tha;e;j nky;ypa Njhy; RUspy; vOjg;gl;l ,Unkhopg; gpujp. ,jd; fpNuf;f nkhop rpwg;ghdjhfTk;> yj;jPd; nkhop ,yf;fzj;jpd; juk; rpy thf;fpaq;fspy; Fiwe;jjhAk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
  1. g) Nfhlf;]; th\pq;lhdpahd]; I (W) : ,J ‘4’ kw;Wk; ‘5’-k; (fp.gp.) E}w;whz;Lfisr; rhh;e;j gpujp. ,jpy; khw;F-d; ePz;l ,Wjp gFjp (long ending) fhzg;gl;lJ (khw;. 16 : 9-20)).

        fpNuf;f rpwpa vOj;Jg; gpujpfs;

 

                ,itfs; fp.gp. 9 Kjy; 15-k; E}w;whz;L tiu ,Ue;jJ.  mitfs; nkhj;jkhf 4643 fpilj;Js;sd.  Mdhy; ghg;gpiu]; kw;Wk; fpNuf;f nghpa vOj;Jg; gpujpfis xg;gpLk;NghJ juk; Fiwe;jjhfTk; ,Ue;jJ.  mNugpa vz;fs; ,g;gpujpfisf; Fwpg;ngOj;jhf (Code) gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.  cjhuzk;. Myf;];rhe;jphpah gpujpfs; FLk;gj;jpd; fpNuf;f rpwpa vOj;Jg; gpujp 33 vDk; mNugpa vz;zhy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.  ,J (33) mofhd $l;nlOj;jpy; vOjg;gl;lJ.  vdNt> ,J fp.gp. 9> 10-k; E}w;whz;bd; “$l;nlOj;Jf;fspd; uhzp” (Queen of the Cursives) vd;wiof;fg;gl;lJ.

  1. Ntjhfk %yg;gpujpfSf;fhd mjpfg;gbahd rhd;Wfs;

 

        (a) Ntjhfkk; rhuh ghg;gpu]; : Gjpa Vw;ghl;by; gad;gLj;jg; gl;Ls;s Kjy; E}w;whz;L nfhapNd fpNuf;fk; vDk; nkhopaikg;G / nkhopeil ,jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.  ,e;j vOj;J kw;Wk; nkhopaikg;G Gjpa Vw;ghL Kjy; E}w;whz;by; vOjg;gl;lij cWjp nra;fpwJ.

        (b)  xl;Lj; Jz;Lfs; : ,J goq;fhy Vio kf;fSf;fhd vOJnghUs; MFk;.  fp.gp.7-k; E}w;whz;by; vOjg;gl;l Ntjhfkj;jpd; xU gFjp 20 xl;Lj;  (fy; Jz;Lfs;) Jz;Lfspy; fhzg;gl;lJ.  Vio kf;fSf;F Njhy; RUs; thq;Fk; trjpapy;yhikahy; Ntjhfkj;ijg; gbf;f trjpahf ,e;j vOJnghUspy; vOjpdh;.

        (c)  fy; ntl;Lfs; : Rth;fs;> J}z;fs;> Qhgf rpd;dk; kw;Wk; ehzaq;fs; Nghd;witfs; Ntjhfk %y gpujpfspd; vOjg;gl;l     fhyj;ij fp. gp. Kjy; E}w;whz;L vd cWjp nra;fpd;wd.

        (d)  Muhjidf; Fwpg;NgLfs; : ,itfs; Muhjidg; Gj;jfq;fshf Muk;g fhy rigfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.  ,jd; ngUk;gFjpfs; RtpNr\g; gFjpfspypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;litfshapUe;jd.

        (e)  rpy mg;NghfphPgh Gj;jfq;fs; : Gjpa Vw;ghl;L fhyj;jpy; vOjg;gl;l ,g;Gj;jfq;fs; rpytw;wpy; Gjpa Vw;ghl;Lg; gFjpfs; Nkw;nfhsha; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.  cjhuzkhf> “cz;ikapd; RtpN\rk;” vDk; Gj;jfj;jpy; Gjpa Vw;ghl;bd; ngUk;gFjp Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. 

(f)  Mjp rig gpjhf;fspd; Ntjhfk trd Fwpg;NgL : ierpah (325 fp.gp.) MNyhridf; $l;lj;jpw;F Kd; tho;e;j Mjp rigj; jiyth;fs; gyh; ,e;jg; Gjpa Vw;ghl;L Gj;jfq;fis Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;bAs;sdh;.

  1. i) mg;Ngh];jy gpjhf;fs; : (70-150 fp.gp.) ,th;fs; mg;Ngh];jyiug; gpd;gw;wpa rP\h;fs; my;yJ mg;Ngh];jyh;fs; fhyj;jpy; mth;fSld; rPrh;fshf tho;e;jth;fs; Mth;.
  1. ii) ierpa rq;fj;Jf;F Ke;jpd fhy gpjhf;fs; : (150-300 fp.gp.). ,th;fs; mg;Ngh];jy gpjhf;fspd; top te;j rP\h;fs;.

iii) ierpa rq;fj;Jf;F gpe;ija fhy gpjhf;fs; : (300-430 fp.gp.) ierpah MNyhridf; $l;lj;jpw;Fg; gpd; tho;e;j fpwp];jt jiyth;fs; ,th;fs;.  Ntjhfkj;jpd; trd Fwpg;G kw;Wk; Nkw;Nfhs;fisj; jq;fs; E}y;fspy; gad;gLj;jpdh;.  ,f;Fwpg;Gfs; %y vOj;Jf;fspd; rhpj;jpuk; kw;Wk; Gjpa Vw;ghl;L E}y;fspd; rpwe;j Mjhukha; mike;Js;sd.  mitfs; Gjpa Vw;ghl;L E}y;fspd; fhyfl;lj;ijf; Fwpf;f VJtha; ,Uf;fpd;wd.  NkYk; Ntjhfk nkhopahf;fk;> gjpg;Gfs; Nghd;wit cUthf cjtpaha; ,itfs; fhzg;gl;ld.  INudpa]; Kjy; <Rgpa]; tiu Ie;J rigj;jiyth;fs; Gjpa Vw;ghl;bypUe;J Vwj;jho 36>000 trd Nkw;Nfhs;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sdh; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

  1. Muk;gfhy nkhop ngah;g;Gfs;

 

                fp.K. 3000-f;F Kd; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l vOj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; gy ghi\fspd; tsh;r;rpfs; Nghd;wit Ntjhfk gpujpfspd; nkhop ngah;g;gpw;F mbg;gilf; fhuzk; MFk;. fp.K. 200-f;F Kd;dhy; nkhop  ngah;g;Gfs; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.  fp.gp.1600-y; mr;Rj; njhopypy; Vw;gl;l Kd;Ndw;wk; Ntjhfkk; gy nkhopfspy; nkhopahf;fk; nra;ag;gLtjw;F topNfhypaJ.  ,Ug;gpDk; Muk;gfhy nkhopahf;fq;fs; muhkpf;> rphpaf; kw;Wk; mJ rk;ge;jg;gl;l Ntjhfk nkhop ngah;g;Gfisj; jOtpNa mike;jd.  gpd;tUk; tiuaiwfs; Ntjhfkk; vt;thW gy epiyfisf; fle;J nrd;wJ vd;gijg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s cjTk;.

  1. nkhop ngah;g;G : nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,yf;fpa nrhy;iy xU nkhopapypUe;J NtnwhU nkhopapy; khWjy; nkhopngah;g;G vdg;gLk;.
  1. Neub nkhop ngah;g;G : %y gpujpapd; thh;j;ijfis ve;j msTf;Fj; Jy;ypakhf mOj;jj;NjhL nkhopngah;g;G nra;a KbANkh me;j mstpw;F Kaw;rpj;J thh;j;ij thh;j;ijaha; nkhop ngah;g;G nfhLj;jy; MFk;.
  1. vOj;jhf;fk; (Transliteration) : xNu ghi\apYs;s vOj;Jf;fis (nrhw;fis) mNj cr;rhpg;gpy; NtnwhU ghi\apy; vOJjy; MFk;. cjh. ghg;il]; (Baptize), vQ;ry; (Angel) Nghd;w Mq;fpy thh;j;ijfs; fpNuf;f ghi\apypUe;J mg;gbNa vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;litfshFk;.
  1. tpUj;jhf;fk; (Version – nkhopahf;fk;) : %y ghi\apypUe;J NtW VNjDk; ghi\f;F Neubahf nkhopahf;fk; nra;jy; MFk;. ,jpy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l gpujpapd; %y ghi\ ga;dgLj;jg;gLtNj rpwg;Gj; jd;ik (tpUj;jhf;fk; %y ghi\apypUe;J nkhop ngah;f;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.).
  1. jpUg;Gjy; (Revision) : nkhopahf;fq;fis tpsf;Fk; thh;j;ijfs; tof;fkhf %y ghi\apypUe;J ftdkhf> fpukkhf nkhopahf;fk; nra;ag;gl;ltw;iw xU Fwpg;gpl;l fz;Nzhl;lj;Jld; gy tifapy; EZf;fkhf Muha;e;J jtWfis ePf;fp mikj;jy; MFk;. (cjh. ghpRj;j Ntjhfkk; – Gjpa nghJ jpUg;Gjy;).

 

  1. etPdkakhf;Fjy; (Recension) : Fwpg;gpl;l %y gpujpia gy;Nehf;Fld; Kiwahd tifapy; Muha;jy; vd;gjhFk;. ,J nghJthf jpUg;Gjy; vd;wiof;fg;gl;lhYk; jw;fhy #o;epiyiaf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;Lk; mikf;Fk; nkhopahf;fk; MFk;. (cjh. NASB-  New American Standard Bible.)
  1. nrhw;nwhlh; mikj;jy; : ,J xU ,yFthd my;yJ Rygkhd nkhopahf;fk;. thh;j;ij thh;j;ijaha; nkhop ngah;g;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf fUj;Jf;fis ikakhff; nfhz;l nkhopahf;fk; MFk;.  cjh. “The living Bible” (1971).
  1. tpsf;fTiu : ,J Ntjhfkj;jpd; tpsf;fTiu (Commentry) MFk;. Mq;fpy nkhopapy; gy tpsf;fTiufs; te;Js;sd. Mdhy;> jkpopy; jukhd tpsf;fTiufs; mhpjhfNt cs;sd.

Ntjhfk nkhopngah;g;gpy; Mjpfhy Kaw;rpfs;

 

                Ntjhfk nkhopngah;g;G vd;gJ goq;fhy vgpNuah;fspd; gf;jp tho;tpw;F xU tpNr\pj;j gq;fha; mike;jJ.  a+jh;fs; gy ehLfSf;F ,lk; ngah;e;J nrd;wjhy; gpw ehl;bd; ghi\fisg; gad;gLj;jyhapdh;.  vdNt> mth;fsJ Gjpa ghi\fspy; n[g $lq;fspy; gad;gLj;jTk; jq;fs; gps;isfSf;F Nghjpf;fTk; gpw nkhopfspy; Ntjhfkk; Njitg;gl;lJ.  vdNt> ,e;j Kaw;rp Kjd; Kjypy; vfpg;jpYs;s myf;rhe;jphpahtpy; rpy a+j jiyth;fshy; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

  1. a) nrg;Ltn[d;l; (LXX) vd;gJ fp.K. 400-y; nra;ag;gl;l vgpNua gioa Vw;ghl;bd; kpf Kf;fpa nkhopahf;fk; vgpNua nkhopapypUe;J fpNuf;f nkhopf;F vOgJ mwpQh;fshy; nkhopngah;f;fg;gl;lJ. ,t;thW 70 mwpQh;fs; nkhopngah;g;Gg; gzpapy; <Lgl;ljhy; 70-I Fwpf;Fk; nrg;Ltnrd;l; vd ngahplg;gl;lJ.
  1. b) ierpah MNyhridf; $l;lj;jpw;F Kd; (fp.gp. 325) Gjpa Vw;ghL nghJthf muhkpf; kw;Wk; yj;jPd; ghi\apy; nkhopahf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
  1. c) rkhhpa gQ;rhfkk; : ,J xU nkhop ngah;g;G my;y. Mdhy;> gQ;rhfkj;jpd; (Ie;E}y;) %y gpujpapypUe;J fp.K. 432-y; vLf;fg;gl;l xU gFjp MFk;.  rkhhpah;fs; NkhNr vOjpa gQ;rhfkk; kl;LNk NjtDila thh;j;ij vd ek;gpajhy; rkhhpah;fshy; kl;LNk ,J gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
  1. d) muhkpa lhh;`k; : muhkpa nrhw;nwhlh;fshy; nkhopahf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l vgpNuA ghi\apd; gioa Vw;ghL.
  1. e) lhy;Kl; (Talmud) : mjhtJ vgpNua r%f gz;ghl;L mikg;ig tsh;f;Fk; tifapy; gQ;rhfkkhfpa ‘Njhuh’ tpd; mbg;gilapy; njhFf;fg;gl;lJ “mwpTiufs;” vd;gJ ,jd; nghUs;. (fp.K. 300 – 500 fp.gp.). ,jd; ,U gFjpfs; kp\;dh (Mishnah)> n`khuh (Gemara) vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.  kp\;dh vd;gjw;F jpUk;gf; $Wjy; kw;Wk; tpsf;Fjy; vd;gJ nghUs;.  mjhtJ> epahag;gpukhzj;ij xt;nthU vgpNuaDk; thapdhy; $wp kddk; nra;jdh;.  n`khuh vd;gjw;F ‘epiwTgLj;Jjy;’ vd;gjhFk;.  mjhtJ> kp\;dh vd;gJ gw;wpa muhkpa tphpTiu mfuhjpia epiwT nra;jy; vd;gijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
  1. f) kpl;wh\; (Midrash) : vgpNua kw;Wk; muhkpa nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l vgpNua Ntjhfkj;jpd; gpurq;f> kw;Wk; Nghjid tpsf;fk; Mfpatw;iwf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;l jiyg;Gfs; mbg;gilapyhd ghlq;fs; MFk;.
  1. g) rphpaf; ng\pl;lh (Syriac Peshitta): ng\pl;lh vd;gjw;F ‘vspik’ vd;gJ nghUs;. ,J> nghJthf fp.gp.5-k; E}w;whz;by; rphpaf; nkhopapy; nkhopngah;f;fg;gl;l gioa kw;Wk; Gjpa Vw;ghLfisf; nfhz;lJ.  ,J muhkpa nkhopiaj; jOtpaJ.  ,J rphpaf; fpwp];jtj;jpd; ,U gpujhd ne];Nlhhpad; kw;Wk; [hf;Nfhigl; vDk; fpisfspd; mjpfhug+h;tkhd nkhopngah;g;G MFk;.  rphpaf; nkhop vd;gJ muhkpa nkhopapd; kWngauhFk;.
  1. h) mNugpa nkhop ngah;g;G : ,];yhkpaj;ij epWtpa KfkJ (fp.gp.570-632) rphpaf; nkhop %ykhd tha;nkhop ghuk;ghpak; thapyhf RtpN\rj;jpw;F Neuha; ftug;gl;lhh;. Mdhy;> fp.gp.930-y; “]hbah `hNahd;” vDk; a+j gz;bjh; gioa Vw;ghl;il mNugpa ghi\apy; Kiwahf nkhop ngah;j;jhh;.
  1. i) goq;fhy ngh;\pad; nkhopahf;fk; : gp. 14-k; E}w;whz;by; rphpaf; gpujpapypUe;J nkhopahf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l RtpN\rg; gFjpfs; ,jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
  1. fpNuf;fk; kw;Wk; fpNuf;fk; rhh;e;j nkhop ngah;g;Gfs;

 

  1. i) nrg;Ltn[d;l; (LXX) : ,J 70 vdf; Fwpg;gpLk; fpNuf;f gjk;. (70 vd;gJ Nuhk vz;fspd; mbg;gilapy; L = 50, XX = 20) myf;];rhe;jhpah gFjp a+jh;fs; fpNuf;f ghi\ NgRk; a+jh;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; tifapy; xU juk; tha;e;j gioa Vw;ghl;L nkhop ngah;g;ig fp.K.150-y; nra;jdh;. ,J vgpNua %yg;gpujpapd; xU Jy;ypakhd gioa Vw;ghl;L fpNuf;f nkhop ngah;g;G vd fUjg;gl;lJ. LXX – vd;Dk; FwpaPL nrg;Jtrpe;ij (nrg;Ltn[d;l;) Fwpf;Fk;.
  1. ii) mf;fpy;yhtpd; nkhop ngah;g;G : (130 – 150 fp.gp.) :  a+j kjj;jpw;F khwpa ,th; fpNuf;f nkhopapy; gioa Vw;ghl;il nkhop ngah;j;jhh;.  ,J fpwp];jtuy;yhj a+jh;fs; kj;jpapy; nghJthf gad;gLj;jg;gl;l gioa Vw;ghl;bd; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l fpNuf;f nkhop ngah;g;G MFk;.

iii) xhp`d; vd;gthpd; n`f;];rhg;sh (240-250 fp.gp.): Njtd; jd;idf; Fwpj;J kdpjDf;Ff; nfhLj;j ntspg;ghl;bd; jtwpy;yhj gpujp>  vgpNua gioa Vw;ghL vd xhp`d; ek;gpdhh;.  ‘n`f;];rhg;sh’ vd;gjw;F MW gf;jp nfhz;l nkhopngah;g;G vd;gJ nghUs;.  mth; vgpNua nkhopapy; Kjy; gj;jpapYk;> fpNuf;f nkhop ngah;g;ig ,uz;lhk; gj;jpapYk;> mf;fpy;yh Neub nkhop ngah;g;ig 3-k; gj;jpapYk;> i]khf;f]; jpUg;Gjiy (185-200 fp.gp) 4-k; gj;jpapYk;> LXX –ypUe;J nkhopngah;j;j mtuJ nrhe;j nkhop ngah;g;ig 5-k; gj;jpapYk;> kw;Wk; jpNahNlh]pad; vd;gthpd; jpUg;Gjiy 6-k; gj;jpapYk; itj;jhh;.  mth; LXX (nrg;Jtrpe;jpy;) -y; gy jtWfs; kw;Wk; jtph;g;Gfs; ,Ug;gijf; fz;Lgpbj;jhh;.  NkYk; ,th; vgpNua Ntjhfkj;jpy; fhzg;glhj milahs Kiwiaf; fpNuf;f Ntjhfkj;ijf; Fwpg;gpl;L gbf;Fk; tifapy; gad;gLj;jpdhh;.

  1. iv) fpNuf;f %y gpujpapypUe;J nkhopahf;fk;
  1. fhg;bf; gpujp : ,J gioa vfpg;jpa vOj;Jf;fspd; Nkk;gl;l mikg;G.  gp. 4-k; E}w;whz;by; Gjpa Vw;ghL ,e;j vOj;Jf;fspy; nkhopahf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
  1. vj;jpNahg;gpa gpujp : gp.4-k; E}w;whz;by; Gjpa Vw;ghlhdJ vj;jpNahg;gpa nkhopapy; nkhop ngah;f;fg;gl;lJ.
  1. N`hj;jpf; gpujp : n[h;khdpa Nfhj;jpuq;fspy; ‘iwd;’ kw;Wk; ‘lhD}Ng’ ejpfSf;fpilNa N`hj; Nfhj;jpuj;jhh; Kjd;ikahdth;fshapUe;jdh;.  ,g;gFjpapy; ierpah (325 fp.gp.) MNyhridf; $l;lk; eilngWtjw;F Kd; RtpNr\k; ,g;gFjpapy; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.  ,th;fspy; ‘M];l;Nuh N`hj;];’ vDk; tk;rj;jpw;F Kjd; Kjypy; RtpNr\k; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.  cy;gpyh]; vd;gth; rigapd; ,uz;lhk; epiyj;jiyth;> ,th; “N`hj;];  kf;fspd; mg;Ngh];jyd;” vd;wiof;fg;gl;lhh;.  ,th; fpNuf;f Ntjhfkj;ij `hj;jpf; nkhopapy; nkhopahf;fk; nra;jhh;.
  1. mh;Nkhdpad; gpujp : rphpah-tpypUe;J fp.gp.4-k; E}w;whz;by; RtpN\rk; mh;Nkdpahtpw;F vLj;J nry;yg;gl;lJ.  5-k; E}w;whz;by; rphpaf; ng\pl;lh-tpypUe;J ,e;j nkhop ngah;g;G nra;ag;gl;likahy; mh;Nkdpad; nkhop ngah;g;G juj;jpy; ,uz;lhk; epiyapy; fhzg;gl;lJ.
  1. [pNahh;[pad; (INghpad;) gpujp : gp.4-k; E}w;whz;by; mh;NkdpahtpypUe;J fpwp];jtk; ,g;gFjpapy; gutpaJ.  gpd;dh; fp.gp.5-k; E}w;whz;by; LXX (nrg;Nlh[d;l;) my;yJ rphpaf;ng]pl;lhtpypUe;J Ntjhfkk; ,jd; nrhe;j nkhopapy; nkhop ngah;f;fg;gl;lJ.
  1. yj;jPd; kw;Wk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l nkhopahf;fq;fs;

 

                Nuhk rigj;jiytuhd lkh];f]; (fp.gp. 366-384)  vd;gth; gioa yj;jPd; Ntjhfkj;ij jpUg;Gjy; nra;Ak;gb Mizapl;L J}a n[Nwhk; (340 – 420 fp.gp.) vDk; vgpNua nkhop gz;bjiu  ,g;gzpia epiwNtw;Wk;gb epakpj;jhh;.  fp.gp. 382-y; n[Nwhk; ,e;j cj;juit Vw;W fp.gp.405-y; yj;jPdpd; gioa Vw;ghl;il epiwT nra;jhh;.  Mdhy; Gjpa Vw;ghl;by; RtpNr\j;ij fp.gp.383-apNyNa nkhopngah;j;J  Kbj;J tpl;lhh;.  ,tuJ ,e;j nkhop ngah;g;G yj;jPd; “ty;Nfl;” (volgate) vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.  ty;Nfl; vd;gJ gioa ‘yj;jPd;’ –d; jpUg;Gjy; (fp.gp.200) MFk;.  Mdhy;> Jy;ypakhfg; gFj;J Muhag;gl;L jpUg;gg;gl;ljy;y.

                ‘mg;Nghfpuhgh’ Gj;jfq;fs; Njtdhy; mUsg;gl;litay;y vd;gij n[Nwhk; ek;gpdhh;.  Mdhy;> gp\g; nra;j fl;lhaj;jpd; fhuzkhf mth; ,g;Gj;jfq;fspy; 4-I yj;jPdpy; nkhop ngah;j;jhh;.  ,tuJ kuzj;jpd; gpw;ghLjhd; yj;jPd; ty;Nfl;Lld; mg;Nghfpuhgh Gj;jfq;fs; ,izf;fg;gl;ld.

        n[Nwhk; nkhop ngah;g;gpd; gpd; tpisTfs;

 

                mNef jiyth;fs; ,e;j nkhop ngah;g;ig Vw;Wf; nfhs;s kWj;jdh;. Fwpg;ghf gioa Vw;ghl;L nkhop ngah;g;ig kWj;j mf];bd; vd;gth; fp.gp.398-f;Fg; gpd; n[Nwhkpd; Gjpa Vw;ghl;L jpUg;Gjiy KO kdjhf Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;.  gioa Vw;ghl;L jpUg;Gjiy mNefh; Njtdhy; mUsg;gl;ljhf vz;zpa (LXX) nrg;Lt[z;l;-ypUe;J nkhop ngah;f;f Nfl;Lf; nfhz;l jiyth;fs; mNj Ntisapy; mtuJ Gjpa Vw;ghl;L nkhop ngah;g;igg; gad;gLj;jpdh;.  Mdhy; n[Nwhk; nrg;Lt[z;l; (LXX) Njtdhy; mUsg;gl;lJ vd;gijf; Fwpj;j re;Njfq;fisf; $wpAs;shh;.

                kj;jpa fhy fl;lj;jpy; ‘ty;Nfl;’ nghJthf mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l jukhd nkhop ngah;g;ghf fhzg;gl;lJ.  gpd;dh; ,J Nuhk fj;Njhypf;f rigahy;  ‘bud;l;’ MNyhridf; $l;lj;jpw;Fg; gpd; (1546-1563 fp.gp.) Njtdhy; mUsg;gl;l Gj;jfk; vDk; epiyf;F cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.

  1. Muk;g fhy Mq;fpy nkhop ngah;g;G

 

                Mq;fpy nkhop tsh;r;rpaile;j fhyfl;lk; mwpag;gltpy;iy.  vdpDk; fp.gp.450-Kjy; tsh;r;rpaile;jpUf;fyhk; vd ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ.  fp.gp. 450-1100 tiuAs;s fhyk; Mq;fpNyh-]hf;];rd; my;yJ gioa Mq;fpy fhyk; (Clasical English) vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. fp.gp.1066-y; Vw;gl;l ehh;kd; gilnaLg;igj; njhlh;e;J ‘];fhz;bNetpad;” vOj;jpd; jhf;fk; Mq;fpyj;jpy; Vw;gl;lJ.  ,J Mq;fpyj;jpd; kj;jpa fhy fl;lk; (1100-1500 fp.gp.) vdf; fUjg;gLk;.  etPd fhy Mq;fpy fhyk; fp.gp. 1500-ypUe;J njhlq;fpAs;sJ.

gioa Mq;fpy gFjp nkhop ngah;g;Gfs;

 

  1. fhl;kd; (Rkhh; 680 fp.gp.) : ,th; xU rhjhuz njhopyhsp. ,th; Ntjhfk trdk; rhh;e;j ghly;fs; kw;Wk; fijfs; gytw;iw vOjpAs;shh;.
  1. My;l;n`k; : (640-709 fp.gp.) : n\h;Nghdpd; rigj; jiytuhf fhzg;gl;l ,th; rq;fPjq;fisg; gioa Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop ngah;j;Js;shh;.
  1. vf;ngh;l; (Rkhh; 700) : ahh;f;-d; cah; rigj; jiytuhf (Nguhah;) ,Ue;j ,th; RtpNr\j;ijg; gioa Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop ngah;j;jhh;.
  1. j ntndwgps; Ngl; (fp.gp. 674-735) ,th; xU gz;bjh;> “rig rhpj;jpuk;” kw;Wk; gpw mNdf E}y;fSld; Nahthd; RtpNr\j;ijAk; nkhop ngah;j;Js;shh;.
  1. k`h My;gpul; (849-901). vd;w gz;bjh; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; uh[hthf fhzg;gl;l mNj Ntisapy; “gj;Jf; fl;lisfs;” kw;Wk; ahj;jpuhfkk; 21-23 Mfpatw;iw nkhop ngah;j;jhh;.
  1. my;gphpf; (Rkhh; 1000) : Mf;];Nghh;l;bYs;s Id;\hkpd; rigj; jiytuhd ,th; Kjy; VO gioa Vw;ghl;Lg; Gj;jfq;fspd; gy gFjpfis nkhop ngah;j;Js;shh;.

kj;jpa Mq;fpy fhy nkhop ngah;g;Gfs;

 

  1. Mh;k; : (Mh;kpd;@ fp.gp.1200)> ,th; xU Jwtp. RtpNr\q;fs; kw;Wk; mg;Ngh];jy elgbfs; Mfpatw;iw vspa eilapy; nkhop ngah;j;Js;shh;.
  1. N]h;f;fk; efhpd; tpy;ypak; (Rkhh; 1320 fp.gp.) vd;gth; Kjd; Kjyhf ciueil tbtpy; Ntjhfk gFjpfis njw;fj;jpa gpuhe;jpa Mq;fpy ghi\apy; nkhop ngah;j;Js;shh;.
  1. hpr;rh;l; NuhNy (fp.gp. 1320 – 1340) vd;gth; yj;jPd; ty;Nfl; mbg;gilapy; Ntjhfkj;ij Mq;fpyj;jpy; ,uz;lhtJ Neub nkhop ngah;g;G nra;j ngUikAilath; Mthh;.

kj;jpa kw;Wk; etPd fhyj;jpd; Muk;g ehl;fspy; fhzg;gl;l Mq;fpy nkhop ngah;g;Gfs;

 

  1. [hz; tpf;spg; (fp.gp. 1320-1384) : “PrPh;jpUj;jj;jpd; tpbay;” vd;wiof;fg;gLk; ,th; Gjpa Vw;ghl;L rigapd; ghgpNyhdpa rpiwapUg;G vDk; Nuhk fj;Njhypf;f Jd;GWj;jypd; ehl;fspy; tho;e;jth;. miye;J jphpe;j Vio fpwp];jt rhJf;fs; %yk; kf;fSf;F miog;G nfhLj;jhh;. ,e;j Vio rhJf;fs; (Lollards) mq;Fkpq;Fkhf fpuhkq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W Njrj;jpy; Mq;fpy Ntjhfkj;jpd; thapyhf gpurq;fk; gz;Zjy;> Ntjhfkk; thrpj;jy; kw;Wk; cgNjrk; gz;Zjy; Nghd;wtw;iwr; nra;jdh;. ,th; fp.gp.1380-y; Gjpa Vw;ghl;ilAk;> fp.gp.1388-y; gioa Vw;ghl;ilAk; nkhop ngah;j;jhh;.  ,jdhy;> Ntjhfk nkhop ngah;g;G tuyhw;wpy; xU Gjpa rfhg;jk; Vw;gl;lJ.
  1. [hz; gh;Nt (fp.gp. 1354-1428) : ,th; tpf;spg;gpd; nrayh; Mthh;. fp.gp. 1395-y; vOjg;gl;l tpf;spg; vd;gthpd; Muk;g fhy Ntjhfkj;jpy; mjd; yj;jPd; nrhw;nwhlh;fis (kuG nrhw;gjq;fs;) ePf;fp Mq;fpy kuG nrhw;nwhlh;fisr; Nrh;j;J xU jpUg;Gjy; Ntjhfkj;ij vOjpdh;.  ,J Nghg; Mjpf;fj;ij Mq;fpy Njr kf;fsplk; Fiwf;f topNfhypaJ.

16-k; E}w;whz;L Ntjhfk nkhop ngah;g;Gfs;

 

  1. tpy;ypak; bz;Nly; (fp.gp. 1492-1536) : fp.gp. 1526-y; Gjpa Vw;ghl;il mr;rpl;lhh;.
  1. iky;]; fth;Nly; (1488-1569) : bd;Nlypd; cjtpahsuhd ,th; fp.gp. 1535-y; KO Ntjhfkj;ij Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop ngah;j;jhh;. ,th; Ntjhfkj;ij mjpfhuq;fshf RUf;Ftij mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.  NkYk;> mg;Nghfpuhgh Gj;jfq;fis gioa Vw;ghl;bypUe;J ePf;fpdhh;.
  1. jhk]; khj;a+ (1500-1555) : ,th; Nkhp LNlhh; vd;gthpd; ehl;fspy; ele;j Jd;GWj;jypy; khpj;j Kjy; ,uj;j rhl;rp Mthh;. ,th; 1537-y; bd;Nlypd; %y Gj;jfk;> fth;Nly; kw;Wk; bd;Nlypd; Gjpa Vw;ghl;L jpUg;Gjy; Nghd;wtw;iw ,izj;J NtnwhU Mq;fpy Ntjhfkj;ij ntspapl;lhh;.
  1. hpr;rh;l; lhth;dh; (1505-1575) vd;gth; khj;a+ vOjpa Ntjhfkj;ijj; jpUg;Gjy; nra;jhh;.
  1. nghpa Ntjhfkk; (1539 fp.gp.) : ,jd; mikg;G kw;Wk; msT Mfpait Ke;ija Ntjhfkq;fistpl nghpaJ.  vdNt> ,g;ngah; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.  jhk]; f;Nwhk; nty; (1485-1540) vd;gth; fhd;ld;ngwpapd; Kjy; g+h;tPf fpwp];jt jiytuhd (g;wl;nl];ld;l; gp\g;) jhk]; fpuhd;kh; kw;Wk; vl;lhk; n`d;wp vDk; uh[h MfpNahhpd; mq;fPfhuj;Jld; ,e;j Ntjhfkj;ijg; nghWg;Ngw;W nkhop ngah;j;jhh;.
  1. fhud;nkh;];-d; Ntjhfkk; (fp.gp.1540) : nghpa Ntjhfkj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; Mf;fj;jpd; jpUg;Gjypy; KfTiuia gp\g; vOjpdhh;. vdNt> ,J ,g;ngahpy; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.  fp.gp.1547-y; ,e;j Ntjhfkk; rigfspy; jiyrpwe;J tpsq;fpaJ.
  1. n[dpth Ntjhfkk; (1557> 1560 fp.gp.) : Nkhp LNlhh; fhye;J Jd;GWj;jypd;NghJ mNef Gul;rpahsh;fs;> Fwpg;ghf [hz;ehf;]; (1513-1572) kw;Wk; fth;Nly; Nghd;Nwhh; xope;J Xb n[dpth vDk; ,lj;jpy; Fbakh;e;jdh;. ,e;j kf;fs; fp.gp.1557-y; Gjpa Vw;ghl;ilAk; 1560-y; gioa Vw;ghl;ilAk; n[dpth efhpy; jahhpj;jdh;.  ,J rigapd; epjp cjtpahy; nra;ag;gltpy;iy.
  1. gp\g;]; iggps; (1568 fp.gp.) : xU $l;lk; gz;bjh;fs; kw;Wk; vl;L gp\g;Gfs; ,ize;J nray;gl;ljhy; ,g;ngah; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. fp.gp.1568 kjy; 1611 tiu ,e;j RUq;fpa nkhop ngah;g;G rigfspy; fhzg;gl;lJ. MapDk;> n[dpth Ntjhfkk; kf;fshy; Kd;djhfNt rpwg;ghfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
  1. fpq; N[k;]; iggps; (fp.gp.1611) : “nlf;];l]; wprg;l]; (Textus Receptus)-I mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,e;j Ntjhfkk; bd;Nly; nkhop ngah;g;gpd; 5-k; jpUg;Gjy; MFk;. “nlf;];l]; wprg;l];” vd;gJ fp.gp.1624-y; vy;];tph; vd;gtuhy; ngrhtpd; jpUj;jk; mbg;gilapy; ntspaplg;gl;l %y efy; gpujp MFk;. nlf;];l]; wprg;gl];-d; gpw ngah;fs;> Y}rpahdpf;> Md;bNahfpad;> rphpad;> vf;Nsrpah];bf;fy;> ig]hd;ild; MFk;.  fpq; N[k;]; iggps; (K.J.V) xU NghJk; mjpfhug;gLj;jg;glTkpy;iy> mjpfhug+h;tkhdJ vd ,J miof;fg;gl;l NghJk; cz;ikapy; ,J xU nkhop ngah;g;G my;y khwhf jpUg;Gjy; MFk;.  kPz;Lk; ,J fp.gp. 1769-y; jpUg;Gjy; nra;ag;gl;lJ.  NkYk;> rpy jpUg;Gjy;fs; ,e;j Ntjhfkj;jpy; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
  1. i) jpUg;Gjy; gjpg;G (Revised Version) : ,J fp.gp. 1898-y; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
  1. ii) kPz;Lk; fp.gp.1901-y; mnkhpf;f ty;Yeh;fshy; ,jd; ghpRj;j Mtpiaf; Fwpf;Fk; ‘N`hyp N`h];l;’ (Holy Ghost) vDk; thh;j;ij “N`hyp ];gphpl;” (Holy Spirit) vd khw;wg;gl;L NtWrpy thh;j;ij khw;wq;fSld; jpUg;Gjy; nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,g;NghJ ,J (ASV) mnkhpf;fd; ];lhd;lh;l; nth;]d; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.

iii) fp.gp.1952-y; ASV kPz;Lk; jpUg;Gjy; nra;aggl;L Revised Standard Version vdg;gl;lJ.  RSV –y; Vrhah 7 : 14-y; cs;s ‘fd;dpif’ vDk; thh;j;ijf;Fg; gjpyhf “,sk; ngz;” vDk; thh;j;ij gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

  1. iv) gp.1970 ,jd; (RSV) mLj;j jpUg;Gjy; eilngw;wJ. gpd;dh; ,J (NEB) epA ,q;fpyP\; iggps; vd;wiof;fg;gl;lJ.
  1. epA mnkhpf;f ];lhd;lh;l; iggps; (NASB) : fp.gp. 1960-y; xU rpwe;j fpwp];jt ty;Yeh; $l;lk; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lkha; ASV Ntjhfkj;ij jpUg;Gjy; nra;jJ. mth;fsJ Kaw;rpapd; thapyhf NASB vDk; xU Ntjhfkg; gjpg;ig fp.gp.1971-y; epiwT nra;jdh;.  ,e;j gjpg;G ,NaR fpwp];Jitf; fdg;gLj;jp kpfr; rhpahff; fhl;Lfpd;wJ (NASB – New American Standard Bible).
  1. epA ,d;lh;Ne\dy; gjpg;G (New International Version – NIV) – ,e;j Kaw;rpf;fhd cjtp epAahh;f; Ntjhfk rq;fj;jpd; %yk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. mth;fs; fp.gp.1973-y; Gjpa Vw;ghl;ilj; jahh; nra;jdh;.  ,g;nghOJ ,J KO Ntjhfkkhf jahh; gz;zg;gl;L Gj;jf epiyaq;fspy; tpw;gidf;F cs;sJ.  ,J jw;fhy Mq;fpy gjq;fisg; gad;gLj;JfpwJ.
  1. Md;`h; iggps; (1964): ,J nghJthd vz;zk; nfhz;l xU FOtpd; ,ize;j Kaw;rp MFk;.  ,J cyfshtpaJ kw;Wk; tpRthr cs; mOj;jk; nfhz;lJ vd chpik ghuhl;lg;gLfpwJ.

rpwg;G jfty;fs;

 

  1. ];Bgd; yhq;ld; (Stephen Langton) vDk; fhz;lh;ghp Mah; Ntjhfkj;ij fp.gp.1227-y; mjpfhuk; mjpfhukhfg; gFj;J mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.
  1. uhgh;l; ];Bgd]; (Robert Stephanus) vd;Dk; ghhP]; efu mr;rf chpikahsh;. fp.gp.1551-1555-k; Mz;Lfspy; Ntjhfkj;ij trd> trdkhf thpir vz; nfhLj;Jg; gFj;J mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;. ,th; fhyj;Jf;F Kd; Ntjhfk trdq;fs; gj;jp> gj;jpahfNt ,Ue;jd.

rpy Kf;fpa RUf;f Fwpfs;

MS

–

Manuscripts

–

%y gpujpfs;

LXX

–

Septuagint

–

vOgJ mwpQh;fshy; nkhop ngah;f;fg;gl;lJ

OT

–

Old Testament

–

gioa Vw;ghL

NT

–

New Testament

–

Gjpa Vw;ghL

P

–

Papyrus

–

ghg;gpu]; vDk; vOJ nghUs;

                Ntjhfkj;jpd; %y gpujpiag; gpw goq;fhy E}y;fSld; xg;gpLk;NghJ Ntjhfkj;jpd; kPJ kpff;Fiwe;j msNt Nfs;tp vOfpd;wJ.

 

Ntjhfkk;

N`hkhpd; ,ypal; fpNuf;f goq;fij

k`hghujk; (Guhzk;)

 

fpilj;Js;s %yg; gpujp vz;zpf;if

5000

643

%yg; gpujp ,y;iy.

ntspaPL kw;Wk; nkhop ngah;g;Gfs;

9000

,y;iy

,y;iy

(%y nkhopapy; cs;s nkhj;j thpfs;)

20>000

15>000

2>50>000

jtWila thpfs;

40 (400 thh;j;ijfs; kl;LNk Nfs;tpf;Fl;gl;lit)

764 thpfs; (jtWs;sd)

26>000 thpfs; (jtwhfTs;sd)

Fog;gkhditfspd; rjkhdk; %

1% f;Fk; FiwthdJ

5% Fog;gk;

10% f;Fk; Nky; Fog;gKs;sJ

Gjpa Vw;ghL NtW ve;j goq;fhy Gj;jfq;fisf; fhl;bYk; 99% J}a;ikahdJ vd;gij ,g;gl;bay; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.  ekJ vjph;fhyj;jpw;Fk;> gf;jp tpRthr tsh;r;rpf;Fk; NtW ve;j kjg; Gj;jfq;fisf; fhl;bYk; Ntjhfkj;ij ehk; ek;gyhk; vd;gij ,e;j xg;gPL ekf;F czh;j;JfpwJ.

Fwpg;G : “gh;zgh]pd; RtpNr\k;” vd;wiof;fg;gLk; Gj;jfj;jpdhy; vOk; Fog;gq;fspypUe;J Ntjhfkj;ijg; ghJfhj;jy;:

        ,NaR fpwp];J Kfk;kJ-it Kd;Diuj;jhh; vd ,e;j Nghyp RtpN\rj;jpdhy; ,];yhkpah;fs; rhjpf;fpd;wdh;.  ,g;Gj;jfk; gTy; kw;Wk; mthpd; Copaq;fisf; Fwpj;J jfhjtpjkha; jhf;fpAs;sJ.  Mdhy;> gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fshy; ,J Nghypahd vOj;J vd ehk; KbT nra;J nfhs;syhk;.

  1. cz;ikahd gh;zgh]; ,jd; Mrphpah; my;y. cz;ikahd gh;zgh]; gTNyhL ,ize;J Copak; nra;jhh;> mtiu cw;rhfg;gLj;jpdhh;.  ,NaR fpwp];J ,ul;rfh; vd;w xNu nra;jpia mth;fs; gpurq;fpj;jdh;.  mth;fsplk; fhzg;gl;l rpW mjpUg;jp $l Ntj Nghjidapy; Vw;gltpy;iy.  khwhf [hz; khw;F-I cld; mioj;J nry;tijf; Fwpj;Nj fUj;J NtWghL Vw;gl;lJ (mg;. 15 : 36).  NkYk;> mth;fs; ,UtUk; ,Wjptiu ez;gh;fshf ,Ue;jdh;.  gh;zgh gpurq;fpahf kl;LNk ,Ue;jhh;.  vOj;jhsuhf ,Ue;jjpy;iy.
  1. gh;zghtpd; RtpNr\k; vOjg;gl;l fhyk; : ,jd; rpy fpNuf;f nrhw; gjq;fspd; gad;ghL 13-k; E}w;shz;L rhh;e;j fpNuf;f nkhopf;F xj;jjha; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,jd; fpNuf;f nkhopeil Gjpa Vw;ghl;L nfhapNd fpNuf;fpypUe;J khWgl;Ls;sJ.  ,e;j Nghyp RtpNr\j;Jf;F fpNuf;f gpujp vJTk; ,y;iy.  Mdhy;> xU ];ghdpa gpujp kl;LNk fhzg;gl;lJ.  MrphpaUf;F nrhe;j nkhopahf $wg;gLk; ,j;jhypah nkhopiag; gh;zgh mwpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy.  ,e;j Nghyp RtpNrrj;jpd; vOj;jhsh; ,j;jhypa nkhopapy; gy jtwpioj;Js;shh;.  Mdhy;> mth; gad;gLj;jpa nkhopahd ];ghdp];-y; jtNwJkpy;iy.  ,J Mrphpahpd; c;zikahd nkhop ,j;jhyp my;y ];ghdp]; nkhop vdf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
  1. ghy];jPd epyj;ijAk; mjd; rPNjh\;z epiyiaAk; Fwpj;j Kuz;ghL ,g;Nghyp RtpNr\j;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; Mrphpah; ,NaR fpwp];Jtpd; ,Wjp Copaq;fspy; mtNuhL jhk; ele;jjhfTk; jdJ cz;ikahd ngah; gh;zgh vdTk; $Wfpwhh;.  cz;iknad;dntdpy; ep[khd gh;zgh]; jdJ gh;zgh]; vDk; ngaiu mg;Ngh];jyhplkpUe;Nj ngw;whh;.  gh;zghrpd; Ke;ija ngah; NahNr. (mg;. 4 : 36)  ,t;Tz;ikfspd;gb gh;zghtpd; RtpNr\k; vd;Dk; Nghyp RtpNr\j;ij vOjpd MrphpaUf;F Ntjhfkj;jpy; cs;s cz;ikahd gh;zghitf; Fwpj;j ve;j mbg;gil mwpTk; ,y;iy vdg; Ghpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
  1. ghy];jPdh Njrk; Nfhil fhyj;jpy; kpfTk; mofhf ,Uf;Fk; vd Nghyp gh;zghtpd; RtpNr\k; $WfpwJ. Mdhy;> ghy];jPdpa Nfhil fhyj;jpy; kpfTk; twz;L fhzg;gLk;.
  1. ehrNuj;jpy; kPdth;fs; jq;fs; tiyfis cyu itg;gh; vd;gjha; Nghyp gh;zgh RtpNr\j;jpd; Mrphpah; $Wfpwhh;. Mdhy; cz;ik vd;dntdpy; ehrNuj; kpf cah;e;j epyg;gFjp.  mJ flw;fiu my;y.  Mdhy; fg;gh;e$k; flw;fiug; gFjp.  mq;Nf kl;Lk; kPdt kf;fs; tiyfis cyu itf;fpd;wdh;.  ,e;jg; Gtpapay; cz;ikiaf; Fwpj;j jtwhd tpguq;fs;> MrphpaUf;F epyj;ij Fwpj;j rhpahd mwpNth> njhlh;Ngh ,y;iy vd;gijAk;> Nghyp gh;zgh RtpNrrj;jpd; vOj;jhsUf;F ,NaR fpwp];Jtpd; Copaj;jpy; ve;jj; njhlh;Gk; ,y;iy vd;gijAk; ,e;jj; jtwhd Gtpapay; jfty; ntspf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
  1. cz;ikahd ghh;zgh]; mg;Ngh];jy Copa fhyj;jpy; kd khw;wkile;jhh;. (mg;. 4).  ,NaRNthL ,th; xUNghJk; Copak; nra;atpy;iy.  Mdhy; Nghyp gh;zgh]; jhd; ,NaRNthL Copak; nra;jjha; ngha; $Wfpd;whh;.  vdNt> ,t;Tz;ikfis MuhAk;NghJ ‘gh;zgh]; RtpNrrk;’ vd;gJ xU Nghypf;fij vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.  ,ij xU ];ghdpa nkhop K];yPk; 13-k; E}w;whz;bw;Fg; gpd; fpwp];jth;fisf; Fog;Gk; Nehf;fpy; jpl;lkpl;L vOjpapUf;fyhk;.  vdNt> Nghyp gh;zgh vOjpa ,e;jg; Nghyp Gj;jfj;ij ehk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;shky; epuhfhpf;fpNwhk;.

khzth;fs; nray;Kiwg; gFjp

 

  1. Ntjhfkj;ij vOjg; gad;gLj;jpa vOJnghUl;fs; Fwpj;J RUf;fkhf vOJf.
  2. Ntjhfkk; vOjg; gad;gLj;jpa vOJ fUtpfs; Fwpj;J RUf;fkhf vOJf.
  3. “mg;Nghfpugh” Gj;jfk; mq;fPfhpf;fg;glhjikf;fhd gj;J fhuzq;fs; jUf.
  4. Ntjhfkk; mUsg;gLjypd; %d;W Kf;fpa nfhs;iffs; ahit?
  5. KJV, fpq; N[k;]; iggps; Fwpj;J RUf;fkhf vOJf.
  6. Nghyp gh;zghtpd; RtpNrrj;ij epuhfhpf;Fk; fhuzq;fis vOjTk;.

Fwpg;G : ,e;jg; gapw;rpia vOjp CALS-f;F  mDg;gTk;.  gapw;rpia Kbj;J mDg;Gk;NghJ cq;fsJ ngah;> gjpT vz; Mfpatw;iwj; jtwhky; vOjp mDg;g Ntz;Lk;.