BL -20 Theology - Part - II
CHRISTIAN ACADEMY FOR LEADERSHIP STUDIES
THEOLOGY – II (CHRISTOLOGY & PNEUMATOLOGY)
CHRISTOLOGY
Introduction
The word Christology is derived from two Greek words Christos and Logos. Christos represents Jesus Christ and Logos means study. Thus Christology means “Study concerning Jesus Christ”.
It is better to study about Jesus Christ from His state of Pre-existence (state of being before His birth or Incarnation) for the proper understanding of His birth, life, death, work etc. Therefore our notes on Christology begin by explaining His Pre-existence.
The Pre-existence of Christ.
Proof of Pre-existence of Christ
Pre-existence means “life before birth”. Therefore pre-existence of Christ deals with how Christ was before His human birth. Apostle John, in his gospel clearly states “In the beginning was the word”. (Jn. 1 : 1). “The word” (Greek – LOGOS) represents God. Pre-existing state of Jesus Christ is called “LOGOS” by apostle John. Therefore Christ represented by the word “LOGOS”, before His human birth was God. There are some more New Testament texts which confirm the Pre-existence of Christ.
John, the Baptist told “for He (Jesus) existed before me” (Jn. 1 : 15, 30) (Although Jesus was born after John, the Baptist). This means that Christ existed in Heaven even before the birth of John, the Baptist. Since Christ existed before the birth of John, the Baptist, Christ was God. (Read : John 3 : 17, 31).
Jesus, Himself, taught that He existed before His Human birth (Incarnation). He said “Before Abraham was born, I am” (Jn. 8 : 58). Abraham lived in the Old Testament period. By making this statement, Jesus meant that He existed even before Abraham as well as before Old Testament period. He also said “I have come down from heaven” (Jn. 6 : 38). By reasoning these two statements of Christ together, one can understand that Christ existed in heaven before His virgin birth in earth. (Read : Jn. 6 : 51 ; 17 : 5, 24). Jesus not only existed before Abraham, but also appeared to him in the form of the Angel of God.
Philippian 2 : 5-7 states that Jesus Christ “existed in the form of God”. Therefore Christ was God existed in heaven, before His incarnation in earth. The following New Testament verses confirm that Christ existed in Heaven before His birth. (John 3 : 13 ; 6 : 33; 8:42 ; 16 : 28-30 ; Col. 1 : 17).
As the New Testament explains, the Old Testament also confirms that Christ existed before His birth. During the Old Testament period, Christ appeared in the special form of the Angel of God to some men. This special Angel of God is different from other angels in the Bible.
This special Angel is the Lord Jehovah Himself. The Angel of God which represents Jehovah can be understood by studying Genesis 31 : 11-13. “Then the Angel of God said to me (Jacob) in a dream, . . . . I am the God (EL) of Bethel”. The Angel of God (v : 11) refers to God (v : 13). Therefore it is clearly established that The special Angel of God refers to God Himself. This special Angel of God (EL or Jehovah Himself) later revealed in Christ.
The following passages also explain Christ’s manifestations in the Old Testament in the special form of the angel of God. Gen. 16 : 7, 13 ; 21 : 17 ; 22 : 11, 12, 15, 16 ; Ex. 3 : 2, 4,6,7,11 ; Judges 13 : 13, 15, 16, 19, 22 ; Joshua 5 : 13 – 15 cf 6 : 2. The term “the Angel of God” in these verses is identified with Christ. Therefore Old Testament makes it clear that Christ not only appeared to Abraham in the form of the Angel of God, but also to many others such as Hagar, Moses, Joshua and Manoah and his wife.
Practical value of the doctrine of Pre-existence
Since Christ, the second person of Trinity is eternal, He should have existed certainly before His virgin birth. He is also called “Eternal Father” (Is. 9 : 6 ; Mich. 5 : 2 ; Rev. 1 : 17). Since Christ existed eternally, we can undetstand He is eternal God. The Old Testament scriptures bear witness of Him (Jn. 5 : 39). Since Christ is God, we can fully depend Him for our salvation. In the New Testament God Himself manifested in Christ, instead of the form the Angel of God of Old Testament.
The Incarnation of Christ
A. Explanation of the word Incarnation
The word “Incarnation” is a Latin term which means “to embody in Flesh” or “to take the form of flesh permanently”. Hence in theology, Incarnation is the enfleshment of God, the Son (The second person of Trinity). Therefore, through the act of Incarnation, the second person of Trinity was embodied permanently in the Human nature (Rom. 3 : 20 ; 1 Cor. 1 : 29).
The purpose of Incarnation
Jesus incarnated for the following purposes
i) To reveal the Invisible God – Jn. 1 : 18.
Jesus Christ is the visible exposition of the Invisible God. He is the Revealer of God.
To fulfill Old Testament prophecies- Gen. 3 : 15 ; Is. 7 : 14
Many prophecies fulfilled through the birth of Jesus.
To fulfill the Davidic covenant
God made a covenant with David. In that covenant, God promised that the Messiah will be born in his descendant. He will rule Israel Is. 11 : 1,10 ; Jer. 23 : 5,6 ; Acts. 2 : 29-31, I Sam. 7 : 4-17, Lk.1 : 32, 33
To be the perfect infinite sacrifice for our sins.
I Jn. 3 : 5 ; Heb. 10 : 4-10 ; I Cor. 15 : 1-4 ; I Jn. 2 : 2
Through Jesus’ Incarnation, our salvation is made possible.
To become the Perfect Eternal High Priest.
Heb. 2 : 17 ; 3 : 1 ; He pleads for our sin, when satan accuses believers before God (Rev. 12 : 10 ; 1 Jn. 2 : 1).
To show believers how to live – 1 Jn. 2 : 6 ; 1 Pet. 2 : 2.
He is our perfect model for our life. We have to live in the pattern which He has shown us.
To become the Head of New Creation – Rev. 21 : 5 ; 2 Cor. 5 : 17 ; 1 Cor. 15 : 45, 47.
Jesus incarnated to fulfill all the spiritual facts mentioned above.
The Medium of Incarnation
The medium of Incarnation is the form of Man (Manifested in Human Form). It was the only form which was used by God for His Incarnation. Incarnation involved the perfect Human body. Heb. 10 : 5.
The Manner of Incarnation
Since the perfect human body was necessary for Incarnation, God used the virgin birth so that the Incarnated body could be perfect, and sinless. (Is. 7 : 14 ; Mt. 1 : 18-20 ; Lk. 1 : 31,34).
The perpetuity of the Incarnation
The perpetuity means the duration of His manhood. According to the perpetuity of Incarnation, God will always be manifested in the flesh (Human Form) in the person of Incarnated Jesus Christ. Therefore Incarnation is permanent one. This permanency of Incarnation is essential for our Lord’s High Priesthood (Heb. 2 : 14 – 18 ; 7 : 23-26 ; 9 : 24 ; 12 : 2 ). It is also essential for Lord’s second coming and Kingship (Act. 1 : 10,11 ; Ps. 89 : 2-4 ; Is. 9 : 6,7 ; Is. 55 : 3,4).
Proofs of the Virgin birth
Since Christ incarnated through a virgin, it is good to have the proofs of the virgin birth.
Mary’s attitude : As soon as the Angel announced to her about the conception, she said to the angel “How shall this be, seeing I know not a man?” (Lk. 1 : 26,27,34). From this statement, it is clear that she never knew a man when the angel announced her miraculous conception. She was a perfect virgin when the angel announced the conception. The conception, itself was sudden and beyond her knowledge. Therefore it was true that she was the virgin.
Joseph’s attitude : Joseph came to know that Mary was conceived (Mt. 1 : 18-25). Probably Mary herself informed him about her conception. But Joseph did not believe her words therefore he was minded to put her away privately. Neverthless, He changed his attitude by hearing the words of the angel and believed that Mary’s conception was miraculous. Therefore He accepted Mary. This is the greatest proof for the virginity of Mary as well as virgin birth of Jesus.
The genealogy of Christ : Mathew 1 : 1-17 records the genealogical list of Jesus Christ. In that record, the word “begat” is mentioned 39 times to denote who begat whom. But begat is omitted after the name Joseph, proposed husband of Virgin Mary. Thus, this record prove that Joseph had not part in Mary’s miraculous conception and the virgin birth of Jesus as well.
God’s favour to Mary : Luke 1 : 30, 31. According to the Law, a woman who is found with child out of wedlock is abominable unto God. But Mary found favour in God’s sight and was conceived miraculously.
The phrase “the young child and His mother” Mt. 2 : 13 : The angel warned Joseph about Herod’s plan to kill the child. However, it is interesting to note the statement of the angel saying “the young child and his mother”. This shows the child belong to Mary through her virgin conception. The Angel did not tell Joseph “take your child”; because it was not his child but Mary’s. Therefore this angelic statement is a proof for the virgin birth.
The Magnificat of Elisabeth – Lk. 1 : 41-45 : Elisabeth praised God by saying “Blessed is She (Mary) that believed”. Mary is blessed for She believed what the angel said, although she was a virgin. Having realized this fact, Elisabeth praised God for granting Virgin conception to Mary.
The Magnificat of Mary – Lk. 1 : 46-55 : This is a song of praise of Mary to God. As she praised God, she rejoiced well. How she could rejoice, if she was conceived through any other means? She rejoiced because her virgin conception was a gracious act of God.
The Magnificat of the angels – Lk. 2 : 8-14 : After the virgin birth of Jesus, the angels sang praises unto God. If Jesus Christ were an illegitimate child, do you think the angels would break out with praise and joy? The angels praised God because Jesus was born through the virgin birth, as well as He would be the Saviour.
In this manner, Christ incarnated into the world through virgin birth.
The names and titles of Incarnated Christ
Jesus : The name Jesus is the Greek form for the Hebrew word Joshua meaning “Jehovah our Saviour”. Jesus is the personal and earthly name of the Incarnated Lord. This name is found 612 times in the four gospels and 71 times in the other books of New Testament. This name denotes His Humility (or) Humbled one.
CHRIST : The name Christ comes from the Greek word “Christos”, which is the derivation of the Hebrew “Meshihah” (Messiah). Both terms mean “the Anointed one”. This is the official title of the Son of God. This title is found 56 times in the Gospels and 256 times in the remainder of the New Testament. He is the Messiah for whom God’s people were waiting (Jn. 1 : 41 ; 4 : 25). We are called Christian, using the title “CHRIST”.
LORD : This is Christ’s title of Deity. The title Lord refers to God, (Elohim – Hebrew term), Jehovah (Lord – in OT), and Master (Adonai – Hebrew term for Master). Since the title LORD (JEHOVAH) is applied to Christ. It is clear that He is Jehovah, Himself. (Mt. 4 : 7 ; Phil. 2 : 11 ; Eph. 6 : 9 ; Col. 4 : 1).
JESUS CHRIST : This title is the combination of His personal name (Jesus) with His official title (Christ). The emphasis is on the first name Jesus. Therefore this title denotes that “Jesus who once humbled Himself is now exalted”.
CHRIST JESUS : In this title, the emphasis is on the first word “Christ” (official title). Christ who is exalted now was once humbled. Phil. 2 : 5-8.
The Lord Jesus Christ : This is the fullest title. This title denotes His LORDSHIP, His Humanity and His Royalty. (Eph. 1 : 3)
I AM : This title directly refers to Jehovah in OT (Ex. 3 : 13,14). Jesus said “I AM” referring Himself to JEHOVAH. (Jn. 18 : 4-6 ; 8 : 58 ; Col. 2 : 9).
The Son of God : This is the Lord’s title of personal glory and deity (Lk. 1 : 35 ; Jn. 19 : 7 ; 5 : 18). According to the Jewish understanding or Jewish theology, the term “Son of God” means GOD (Jn. 5 : 18). It is a revelatory term of God. Therefore this term really means “God, Himself revealed in Human form”.
The Son of Man : This is a favourite title of the Lord. Jesus called Himself in this title time and again (Lk. 9 : 58). This title is mostly used with the coming kingdom of the Lord Jesus Christ.
The Son of David : This is also the royal title of Jesus Christ. This denotes that the Messiah is from the royal line of David. (2 Sam. 7 : 4-17 ; Mk. 10 : 47).
The Son of the Highest : This is the divine title of His pre-eminence (Lk. 1 : 32).
The Second Man : This title refers to His Humanity (Incarnation). The first man Adam was from earth; but the second Man is the Lord from heaven (1 Cor. 15 : 47).
The Last Adam : The First Adam who was from earth denotes natural birth. But the Last Adam (Christ) is the head of those who experience the new birth (Spiritual birth). (1 Cor. 15 : 45).
The WORD : As spoken words of human language reveal the invisible thoughts of man, the visible living word (Jesus Christ) reveals the invisible God. (Jn. 1 : 1,2,14 ; 14 : 8-9).
Emmanuel : This title means “God with us”. It is also related to His Humanity. Since He is with us, He will never forsake us. (Mt. 1 : 23 ; Heb. 13 : 5,6).
Saviour : This title directly denotes His saving Mission by which He saves sinners. (Lk. 2 : 11 ; Mt. 1 : 21 ; Lk. 19 : 10).
Rabbi : This title comes from Hebrew, meaning “Teacher”. He is the greatest teacher that the world ever had. (Jn. 1 : 38).
Robboni : This is the same Hebrew word “rabbi”, meaning teacher (or) Master, but rabboni comes from the Chaldean or Aramaic language. (Jn. 20 : 16).
Master : This title means “Instructor (or) Teacher”. (Mt. 9 : 11).
The names and titles denote the deity, the humanity, the royalty and the mission of Jesus Christ.
THE TWO NATURES OF CHRIST
The New Testament clearly reveals that Christ has two natures; Namely the Divine nature and the Human nature. The union of two natures in one Divine person is indeed the greatest mystery of godliness that God manifested in flesh (1 Tim. 3 : 16). Both natures are perfectly united in One Divine person.
Christ, the Second person of Holy Trinity possessed only Divine nature before His Incarnation. His Divine nature was perfect. However He added Human nature into His Divine nature when He incarnated.
Let us carefully examine scriptural assertions regarding two natures.
The Deity of Christ (The Divine nature)
The Deity of Christ means He is perfectly God. We can understand that Christ is God through His divine titles, attributes etc.
Divine titles are given to Christ
Immanuel – God with us. Mt. 1 : 22,23 ; Is. 7 : 14.
LOGOS – Logos means word. This word in Greek philosophy refers to God. The Logos (word) was God and is applied to Christ (Jn. 1 : 1,14).
Jahovah : The name Jehovah in Is. 40 : 3 is translated Lord in Matt. 3 : 3 in which it is directly applied to Christ. Therefore Christ is indeed Jehovah.
God : Jn. 1 : 1 ; 20 : 28 ; Heb. 1 : 8
The Son of God : This title was used directly as a divine title by Christ, Himself – Jn. 5 : 17, 18 ; 10 : 30-33.
Since these divine titles are applied to Christ and claimed by Him, we can strongly believe that He is God. In His self-assertion, Jesus claimed His Divinity.
ii) Divine attributes are possessed by Christ
The Divine attributes are possessed by God alone. Such Divine attributes are possessed by Christ also. Since Christ possesses the divine attributes, He is God.
Eternity : Eternity means endless period includes Past – Present – Future. Christ existed all times. Christ is called “The Everlasting Father” (Is. 9 : 6). He, Himself claimed to be pre-existent. (Jn. 8 : 58 ; 17 : 5,24). He was, He is and He will be – existing (Heb. 13 : 8).
Omni – Presence : This means His Presence is everywhere at all times. While He was on earth, Christ was also in heaven (Jn. 3 : 13). Although He is now in heaven, He is also on earth. (Mt. 28 : 20 ; 18 : 20 ; Jn. 1 : 18 ; Heb. 1 : 3).
Omniscience : All knowing intelligency is called omniscience. Christ possessed this attribute. Jn. 1 : 50 ; 2 : 24 ; 4 : 29 ; 18 : 4 ; Mt. 11 : 27 ; 9 : 4 ; Col. 2 : 3.
Omnipotence : He is Almighty (Rev. 1 : 8). Christ has all authority in heaven and on earth (Mt. 28 : 18 ; 11 : 27). He upholds all (Heb. 1 : 3). He has power and authority over demons (Mk. 5 : 1-15); over death (Jn. 11 : 43, 44) and disease (Lk. 4 : 38-41).
Since Christ possess attributes like – Eternity-Omnipresence, Omniscience, Omnipotence – we can understand – He has Divine nature (God’s nature). Therefore He is God.
The Divine works are performed by Christ
He involved in creation (Jn. 1 : 3 ; Heb. 1 : 10 ; Col. 1 : 16, 17).
He preserves all (Heb. 1 : 3 ; Col. 1 : 17).
He forgives sins (Mt. 9 : 2 – 6)
He raises the death (Jn. 6 : 39, 44, 54 ; 11 : 44).
He judges the world (Jn. 5 : 22 ; 2 Tim. 4 : 1).
Christ accepted worship
Worship belongs only to God. Christ received true worship, therefore He is truly God. (Mt. 14 : 33 ; 28 : 9 ; Lk. 24 : 52).
The Divine equality was claimed by Christ
He claimed that He and His Father were “One” (Jn. 10 : 30); referred not to on identity of persons but sameness of Divine essence (Divine Quality). His claiming equality of essence with the Father is equal to making Him (Christ) God. The Jews understood the true meaning of His statement and therefore attempted to stone Him for blasphemy . (Jn. 5 : 18 ; 10 : 33 ; Phil. 2 : 6 ; Col. 2 : 9).
The Divine characters were manifested by Christ
Jesus was sinless. None could accuse Him of Sin. Even His oppenents could find no sin. (Mt. 27 : 4 , 24 ; Lk. 23 : 47 ; Jn. 8 : 46).
As we have seen above, Christ- by having Divine titles, attributes, character, works etc. possesses Divine Nature. Therefore He is the perfect God.
Christ possess Immutability (Unchangeableness) – Heb. 1 : 11, 12 ; 13 : 8
Immutability is a nature of God. Since Christ has this nature, we understand He is God.
B. The Humanity of Christ
Jesus Christ was fully Perfect God as well as fully Perfect Man. He was the Perfect human being who was sinless. No other human being has that characteristic. Now let us consider the proofs of His human nature.
He had a human body. He was born as a baby and developed as human beings do. (Mt. 1 : 18 ; Gal. 4 : 4 ; Lk. 2 : 51-52 ; Jn. 8 : 40).
He had the essential basic elements of human nature. The essential elements of human nature are body, spirit and soul-included both material, and immaterial aspects (Mt. 26 : 26, 38 ; Lk. 23 : 46 ; 24 : 39 ; Heb. 2 : 14 ; Jn. 11 : 33 ; Lk. 23 : 45).
He possessed human names. The name “Jesus” was a name common among the Jews of that time. (Mt. 1 : 21). He was also called with the title “the son of David”, which shows that He came from the lineage of David (Mk. 10 : 47).
Jesus had the qualities of human being; such as emotions (Mk. 3 : 5 ; Jn. 11 : 35 ; 13 : 23), Appetites (Mt. 4 : 2 ; Jn. 19 : 28) ; weary (Jn. 4 : 6 ) ; Sleep (Mt. 8 : 24) ; Human appearance (Mt. 16 : 13-14 ; Jn. 4 : 9 ; 20 : 15).
All these qualities, His human name etc. prove that He was also the Perfect man.
C. The Hypostatic Union
At Incarnation, Christ added the Humanity with His Deity. By having both natures, (Deity and Humanity) in One Person, Christ was the Perfect GODMAN. This is a union of two natures in One Perfect Person. (Rom. 1 : 3 – 4 ; 9 : 5). This union of two natures in One Perfect Person is called “the Hypostatic Union”. By this union of two perfect natures in One Person, Jesus Christ was Unique.
Jesus Christ was the Theanthropic Person. [Theo (God) + Anthropos (man) = Theanthropic (God man)]. This means that Jesus Christ was a union of God and of Man.
D. The Necessity of the Union of the two natures
The union of the two perfect natures in Christ is very much necessary for the following reasons:
Necessary in order to be a Mediator between God and Sinner
Man was sinner before the Holy God. A sinner can not be a mediator between God and sinful humanity. Therefore, Christ, Himself incarnated as the sinless Person in order to become the Mediator between the Holy God and sinful humanity. (Job. 9 : 31-33 ; 1 Tim. 2 : 5).
ii) Necessary in order to be the Merciful High Priest in Heaven
A high priest in the order of Aaron was earthly and temporal. However the Heavenly High Priest was eternal and merciful. Since Christ incarnated, He experienced all pain of life and was tempted like a man. Since Christ underwent all temptation, yet overcame, He could be our perfect merciful High Priest in Heaven in order to plead and advocate for our sins. (Heb. 2 : 17-18 ; Heb. 4 : 14-16 ; 1 Jn. 2 : 1-2).
The Impeccability of Christ (Heb. 4 : 15).
The word “impeccable” comes from the Latin “peccare” means to ‘sin’ and ‘im’ means “not”. Therefore impeccability of Christ means “Christ was not able to sin”. Although Christ incarnated in the form of man, He did not possess sinful nature of Adam. Because He was not the descendant of Joseph. Since Christ was not able to sin, He could not sin, He could not think of sin, and He could not do any act of sin. Therefore He was the only perfect sinless person in the world.
THE EARTHLY LIFE OF CHRIST
A. The importance of His Earthly Life
The earthly life of Christ is doctrinally important for five reasons. First, it proved the validity of His claims and His worthiness to be the Saviour of the world. Second, He was sacrificed as the Lamb of God for the sins of the whole humanity. Third He lived a perfect holy life which is the ideal model for the people, especially believers to follow. Fourth, His earthly life proves His true humanity through incarnation. Fifth, He gave His incomparable teachings on Peace, Justice, Equality etc. during His earthly life. Some of His teachings directly concerned the Jewish people. However some teachings were given in anticipation of the founding of the church.
B. The Major Events of His Earthly Life
The detailed narration of His life is recorded in the four gospels (Mathew, Mark, Luke and John). Based on the gospel accounts, the life of Christ may be divided into four major divisions.
Years of anticipation for the Messiah (Christ) – Announciation of His birth – His birth in Bethlahem – the years of His infancy – His childhood and growth into full manhood upto the Age of 30 years.
Beginning with the Baptism – Temptation – His three years of ministry in Judea (Jn. 2 : 13 – 4 : 3) ; in Galilee (Mk. 1 : 14 – 9 : 50) and in Perea (Lk. 9 : 51 – 19 : 28).
The events included Betrayal by Judas-Arrest by the Jews, (Jn. 18 : 2-13), Trials – before Annas (Jn. 18 : 12-24) before Caiaphas (Mk. 14 : 53 – 15 : 1), before Pilate (Mk. 15 : 1 – 45), before Herod (Lk. 23 : 8-12), Second Trial before Pilate (Mk. 15 : 6-15) – The crucification and burial.
His resurrection – Meeting and Encouraging His disciples for forty days and His Ascension into Heaven (Act. 1 : 1-11).
THE DEATH OF CHRIST
Even though the whole life of Christ is important, the death of Christ has direct impact on the salvation of sinners. Therefore we shall look in every aspect of His sacrificial death and its value.
The fact of the Death of Jesus Christ.
Types in Old Testament
The death of Jesus was presented in some books of the Old Testament. Those OT presentation are called types of Christ’s death (Examples follow).
The coats of skin – Gen. 3 : 21
Abel’s Lamb – Gen. 4 : 4
The offering of Isaac – Gen. 22 : 8
The Brazen Serpent – Num. 21 cf . Jn. 3 : 14-15
The Passover Lamb – Ex. 12
The Levitical sacrificial system (Lev. 1 : 1-7 ; 7 : 16)
The slain Lamb (Is. 53 : 6-7 ; Jn. 1 : 29)
Prophecies in Old Testament
As there are types in Old Testament, there are a few specific phrophecies which predict the death of Jesus.
The seed of the woman – Gen. 3 : 15
The sufferer of Psalm 22
The suffering servant – Is. 52 : 13-53 : 12
The cut-off Messiah – Dan. 9 : 24-26
The smitten shepherd – Zech. 13 : 7
As Old Testament predicts the death of Jesus, the New Testament confirms His death. Jesus Himself predicted His anticipated death (Jn. 2 : 18-22 ; 3 : 14 – 15 ; 6 : 51 – 56). In order to fulfill the prophecies of Old Testament (Mt. 26 : 54) and His own predictions in NT, Christ died for our sins (1 Cor. 15 : 3). The Apostles confirmed the death of Jesus (Act. 2 : 23 ; 3 : 14-15).
B. The Reason for the death of Jesus
The scriptural reason for the death of Jesus was that He died for our sins (1 Cor. 15 : 3). He did not die for His sin because He was sinless (Jn. 8 : 46 ; 1 Pet. 2 : 22 ; 2 Cor. 5 : 21). His death was not a punishment for His failures, because He, Himself gave His life for us (Jn. 10 : 14-18 ; Eph. 5 : 2 ; Phil. 2 : 8). Therefore, the sole reason for His death is that He, Himself gave His life for our sins (1 Cor. 15 : 3). Since Jesus Christ did not die for Him but for others, His death is called vicarious death (vicarious death means die for others).
C. The Scriptural description of the death of Jesus
Man was sinner and dead spiritually before the Holy God. He, himself, alienated from God, due to sin. He was enemy of God. Man, as a sinner, could not satisfy the justice of God. Every sinner needs punishment. However, God in His mercy made an escape from eternal punishment for the sinners through the death of Jesus. Therefore the death of Christ became atonement for the sin of whole humanity. Since Christ died and satisfied the justice of God, every sinner could escape from the eternal punishment by placing his faith in Jesus Christ.
Reconciliation : Man was a natural enemy of God and he hated God. He needs to be reconciled to God. “Reconciliation” means to cause or affect a permanent change. Hence the attitude of man towards God must be changed thoroughly and permanently. In order to reconcile man to God, Christ died. Through the death of Christ, man is reconciled to God. (Rom. 5 : 10 ; 2 Cor. 5 : 18-20).
Propitiation : He is the propitiation for our sins. (1 Jn. 2 : 2 ; 4 : 10 ; Rom. 3 : 25). The Law demanded death penalty for sin; therefore, the blood of the sacrifice was placed on the mercy seat of Tabernacle (Ex. 25 : 22 ; Lev. 16 : 13-14). The blood placed on mercy seat showed that the death had taken place for sin. God looked upon the mercy seat and saw blood – representing our life – and He was satisfied. In the same way at the death of Christ on Calvary [our Eternal mercy seat], His blood was poured for our sins. God looks Christ and is satisfied. Therefore God forgives our sins, when we believe that Christ died for our sins. [The underlying thought of propitiation is “satisfaction”].
Ransom : Christ declared His sacrifice to be a “ransom” (Mt. 20 : 28). In the Septuagint (Greek Translation of Hebrew Bible), this word is used in connection with the release of a life (Ex. 21 : 30); of a portion of land (Lev. 25 : 24) and of a captive (Is. 45 : 13). In Romans 3 : 24, Justification is said to be based on the redemption secured by Christ. In this context, redemption means “a deliverance procured by the payment of a ransom”. (1 Cor. 6 : 20 ; Gal. 3 : 13). Therefore we understand Christ through His death paid the price (Ransom) for our souls and redeemed us from our sins. He freed us from sins.
D. The Extent of the Death of Christ
The death of Christ is generally for all men in the universe – for those who believe and those who do not believe. (Heb. 2 : 9 ; 1 Tim. 2 : 6 ; Tit. 2 : 11, 1 Jn. 2 : 2 ; 2 Pet. 3 : 9). Therefore the death of Jesus is applicable primarily to the believer and to the church, secondarily for the sinners and for the world.
Christ died for the believers : “Who gave himself for us that he might redeem us . . . “ (Tit. 2 : 14). This verse makes clear that Christ died for us (believers) Eph. 5 : 2 ; Gal. 2 : 20 ; 1 Tim. 4 : 10.
Christ died for the church : When Paul exhorted husbands to love their wives, he quoted the example of Jesus by stating “Christ loved the church and gave himself for it”. (Eph. 5 : 25-27). From this verse, we understand Christ died for the church (His bride).
Christ died for sinners : Christ died for all sinners in the world. Therefore any sinner who believes in Christ will be saved. Although the death of Christ is sufficient to save all in the world, it is efficatious for those who believe. (1 Pet. 3 : 18 ; 1 Tim. 1 : 15 ; Rom. 5 : 10 ; Jn. 3 : 16).
The Results of the death of Christ
Through His death, God makes provision for men’s Salvation. All men can look to Him for salvtion. (Jn. 12 : 32-33 ; 3 : 14-15 ; Rom. 3 : 25-26, Jn. 1 : 29 ; Heb. 5 : 9-10).
Through His death, the believer is redeemed from sin and from the curse of the law. Through redemption, we get forgivenss of sin (Mt. 26 : 28) – Cleansing from sin (Rev. 1 : 5) – Justification (Rom. 5 : 9) – a daily cleansing from sin (1 Jn. 1 : 7) – Sanctification and perfection (Heb. 10 : 10, 14, 19-20 ; 9 : 14).
Through His death, the believers are united to Him and into one body. Rom. 6 : 3-8 ; Gal. 2 : 20 ; 6 : 14 ; 2 Cor. 5 : 14 ; Act. 20 : 28 ; Rev. 5 : 9,10 ; Eph. 2 : 13-16 ; Gal. 3 : 28).
Through His death, the believers have in Him a perfect Mediator and High Priest. (1 Tim. 2 : 5 ; Heb. 2 : 17-18 ; 7 : 27 ; 9 : 12-15, 24-26 ; 10 : 12). All these four results are direct benefits to believers through the death of Jesus Christ.
Through His death, Jesus Christ is Glorified and Exalted. Since He is exalted above all, He will judge the world for sins and He will rule the world as King in Millennium (1000 years reign of Christ). (Phil. 2 : 8-11 ; Rev. 1 : 17 18 ; Rom. 6 : 4 ; Jn. 5 : 22-27 ; Heb. 9 : 27, 28 ; 1 Thes. 5 : 10 ; Jn. 14 : 19 ; Revl. 11 : 17 ; 22 : 5 ; 2 Tim. 2 : 12)
THE RESURRECTION OF JESUS CHRIST
The resurrection of Jesus was a historical fact, as His earthly life was historical. As the birth of Christ was prophetical, the resurrection was also prophetical. Many Old Testament passages predict about His resurrection (Ps. 16 : 8 – 11 fulfilled in Act. 2 : 25 – 32 ; 13 : 36-37). The fact of resurrection is recorded in the four Gospels (Mt. 28 : 1-10 ; Mk. 16 : 1-11 ; Lk. 24 : 1-12 ; Jn. 20 : 18). Jesus, himself predicted about His resurrection (Mt. 12 : 40 ; 16 : 21 ; 17 : 22, 23 ; 20 : 19 ; 26 : 32 ; Mk. 9 : 9 ; Lk. 18 : 33).
A. The Evidences for the Resurrection
After His resurrection, He reminded his disciples of His word concerning resurrection (Lk. 24 : 46).
Women and disciples came and found the tomb – sealed by authorities – open and empty on the resurrection morning (Mk. 16 : 3-5 ; Jn. 20 : 2 ; Lk. 24 : 3,9-17 ; Mt. 28 : 6-8). The empty tomb was a proof.
Jesus Christ appeared to many people for forty days. Ten of His appearance after resurrection is recorded in the New Testament.
To Mary Magdalene – Jn. 20 : 11-17
To other women who adore Him – Mt. 28 : 9-10
To Peter Lk. 24 : 34 ; 1 Cor. 15 : 5
To two disciples on the way Lk. 24 : 13-35 ; Mk. 16 : 12-13
To ten Apostles and others Lk. 24 : 36-49 ; Jn. 20 : 19-23; Mk. 16 : 14
To Eleven Apostles with Thomas – Jn. 20 : 26-27
To Seven disciples in Galilee – Jn. 21 : 1-24
To five hundred on a hill in Galilee – Mt. 28 : 16-20 ; Mk. 16 : 15-18 ; 1 Cor. 15 : 6
To James, the Lord’s brother – 1 Cor. 15 : 7
To the disciples at His Ascension. Lk. 24 : 42, 50-51 ; Acts. 1 : 6-9
The great change in the attitude of disciples.
The disciples were fearful when Jesus was arrested and crucified. This fear was removed from them after they had seen the resurrected Lord. Coward Peter who denied Jesus became bold witness and preached on the day of Pentecost; because his fear was removed by having seen the Lord (Act. 2 : 24 , 31 – 32 ; 3 : 15 ; 4 : 10, 33 ; 5 : 30-32 ; 10 : 40-41)
v) The appearance of the ascended glorified Christ.
After resurrection, He ascended to Heaven. From Heaven, He appeared to Apostles and his Martyrs in the First century. (Act. 7 : 55-56 ; Act. 9 : 4-6 ; 1 Cor. 9 : 1 ; 15 : 8 ; Rev. 1 : 13-18). His appearance in the first century shows, that He is not only the resurrected Lord, but also glorified Lord. He spoke from Heaven to Paul and John.
The change in the mind of the people of Jerusalem.
People of Jerusalem played a great role to accuse and to crucify Christ. The same people changed their mind and believed what Peter preached concerning the resurrection of Jesus Christ on Pentecost day. There were three thousand people who were baptized on the very first day of the church. This change was a strong evidence that the resurrection of Jesus was a fact. (Acts. 2 : 32, 33, 37-41).
The miracles performed by the Apostles in the early days of church
All the Apostles performed many miracles in the name of Christ during the early period of the First century. If Jesus was dead and gone perished, the apostles could not have done miracles by using Jesus name. Therefore the miracles performed by the Apostles in the First Century were proofs of the resurrection of Jesus. (Act. 3 : 6).
The Importance of the Resurrection of Jesus
Since both the Testaments mention about resurrection, it is important (104 times in NT). The Apostles also gave importance to the resurrection in their testimony (Acts. 1:21-22 ; 2 : 24,29-32).
It is the foundation of our Christian faith. Without the resurrection of Christ, the Christian faith would be vain (1 Cor. 15 : 14-18; Rom. 10 : 9). We are justified through His resurrection (Rom. 4 : 25 ; 5:17)
It reveals the power of God (Eph.1 : 19-20 ; Phil. 3 : 10).
The resurrection of Jesus proves His claims of deity (Jn. 11:25-26)
For these reasons, the resurrection is very important.
The Nature of the Resurrection of Jesus
God raised Jesus Christ (Act. 2 : 24 ; 3 : 15 ; 10 : 40 ; 13 : 30 ; Col. 2 : 12) through the Holy Spirit (1 Pet. 3 : 18 ; Rom. 6 : 11) as Christ predicted His own resurrection. (Jn. 2 : 19-21 ; 10 : 18 ; 11 : 25). In the resurrection of Christ, the three persons of Godhead involved. Now let us study about what nature of body He had after resurrection.
Jesus rose with a real body; having flesh and bones like of a man (Lk. 24 : 15, 18, 39 ; Jn. 20 : 14-15, 27 ; Acts 10 : 40-41). However, the resurrected body was different in appearance from what it was before. Due to this slight change in appearance, some (Mary) who had known Him intimately did not recognize Him at once when He appeared to them (Lk. 24 : 15-16 ; Jn. 20 : 14-15 ; 21 : 4,12).
In the resurrected body, Christ had no physical limitations. His body after resurrection had special power so that it could pass through any material. Therefore He suddenly appeared in a room with locked doors (Jn. 20 : 26-27). The resurrected body was transformed – glorious, incorruptible, mighty, spiritual and heavenly (Phil 3 : 21 ; 1 Cor. 15 : 42-50 ; Act. 13 : 35-37).
The Results of the Resurrection of Christ
Believers have a sure foundation, because His resurrection is the foundation of Christian faith (1 Cor. 15 : 17-20 ; 1 Pet. 1 : 19-21).
Believers have a living hope through His resurrection (1 Pet. 1 : 3-4)
His resurrection is the strongest historical proof for His Deity (Rom. 1 : 4)
Believers are united to His resurrected body through the baptism of Holy Spirit (Rom. 4 : 25 ; 7 : 4 ; 6 : 4-5 ; Col. 3 : 1-4)
His resurrection is a guarantee that all believers will have resurrection – For He is the first fruit of Resurrection (1 Cor. 15 : 20-21 ; 2 Cor. 4 : 14 ; 1 Thes. 4 : 14 ; Rev. 20 : 5-6 ; Phil. 3 : 20-21).
THE EXALTATION OF JESUS CHRIST
Jesus Christ incarnated into the world and lived like a man but without sin. He lived a perfect life and sacrificed His sinless body for our sins (1 Cor. 15 : 3). However, The death could not hold him. He rose from the death. After His resurrection, He was on earth for forty days. During those days, He not only gave to His disciples indisputable evidence of His resurrection, but also comforted them. He strengthened their faith and prepared them for the great mission (Act. 1 : 2-5, 8 ; Lk. 24 : 45-49; Mt. 28 : 20). After having given enough evidence, He ascended into Heaven before their eyes (Act. 1 : 9-12). As soon as He ascended into Heaven, He sat at the right Hand of God. “Sitting at the Right hand of God” denotes the authority that Jesus has now. This position of sitting at the right hand of God is called “Exalted Position of Christ” or “Exaltation of Jesus Christ”. (Act. 7 : 55-56 ; Eph. 1 : 20-27 ; Col. 3 : 1 ; 1 Pet. 3 : 22 ; Heb. 1 : 3 ; 10 : 12-13 ; 1 Cor. 15 : 25-27 ; Rev. 3 : 21). He has every authority. He has His full glory now. (Heb. 12 : 2 ; Jn. 12 : 28 ; 13 : 31-32 ; 17 : 1 , 4-5). From this exalted position, He gave gifts to the church (Eph. 4 : 8-10). He came from Heaven and finally ascended into Heaven (Jn. 3 : 31 ; 8 : 23 ; 6 : 62 ; 14 : 12,28,29 ; 16 : 7 ; 20 : 17 ; 7 : 39)
Ministry of the Exalted Lord Jesus Christ
As Jesus Christ did ministry for men in earth according to the Father’s will, He does His special ministry in Heaven for believers.
He is the Great High Priest before God. As a high priest, He pleads for our sins to the Father (1 Jn. 2 : 2). He became eternal High Priest by offering Himself as sacrifice (Jn. 1 : 29 ; Rev. 5 : 6, 12-13 ; 7 : 9-10, 14, 17 ; 12 : 11 ; 13 : 8). As a High Priest, He pleads with sympathy (Heb. 4 : 14,15 ; 5 : 4-5 ; 7 : 23,24 ; 9 : 12-14,24).
He is the Head of the church (Eph. 1 : 22,23). Therefore He is the author and source of eternal salvation to all who obey Him (Heb. 5 : 9 ; 7 : 25 ; Act. 4 : 12)
He gave gifts to the church (Eph. 4 : 9-16).
He prepares a place for His own (Jn. 14 : 2).
He spiritually reigns as King over His believers. (1 Cor. 15 : 24-28 ; Col. 1 : 13). He is now the King of believers.
THE SECOND COMING OF JESUS CHRIST
The second coming of Christ is Scriptural and it will happen in history in future at any time. Jesus during His earthly ministry said “I will come again” (Jn. 14 : 3). At His Ascension, the angel said “. . . this same Jesus, which is taken up from you into heaven, shall so come in like manner as you have seen him go into heaven” (Act 1 : 11). Again in the close of the first century, when John wrote the book of Revelation, Jesus said “Surely, I come quickly” (Rev. 22 : 20). There are many other verses that make clear that Christ will come again.
His second coming will have two phases namely Invisible and visible. At His invisible coming (Secret coming), He will take up the church (His Bride) with Him as the fulfillment of John 14 : 3. At His visible coming, He will destroy Anti Christ in order to redeem Israel and He will establish His Kingdom on earth for 1000 years.
Note : The second coming will be dealt in Eschatology and Ecclesiology in detail.
THREE OFFICES OF CHRIST
There are three offices that are assigned to Christ in scripture. They are Prophetic Office, Priestly Office and Kingly Office.
The Prophetic Office : This means Christ performed the function of a prophet. Even in OT, Moses predicted that there will be a prophet like him referring the Messiah (Deut. 18 : 15 ; Act. 3 : 22,23). Jesus Himself declared He is the prophet (Lk. 13 : 33). As the prophet, He brought messages from the Father (Jn. 8 : 26-28 ; 12 : 49,50 ; 14 : 10,24). During His earthly ministry He functioned in His Prophetical office as the Prophet. He said His last and final prophecy in Revelation 22 : 21 “Surely I come quickly”. This is the last prophecy written. Therefore He is the last true prophet.
Read : Mt. 24 : 3-35 ; 7 : 29 ; 21 : 11,46 ; Lk. 7 : 16 ; 19 : 41-44 ; 24 : 19 ; Jn. 6 : 14 ; 7 : 40 ; 9 : 17 ; 14 : 26 ; 16 : 12-14 ; Act 1 : 1 ; 1 Pet. 1 : 1 ; 3 : 18-20.
The Priestly Office : This office means that Jesus Christ is the High Priest. Both OT and NT explain His Priesthood. (Ps. 110 : 4 ; Zech 6 : 13 ; Is. 53 ; Heb. 3 : 1 ; 4 : 14 ; 5 : 5 ; 6 : 20 ; 7 : 26). The work of the Priest is to offer sacrifice for the sins of people and to plead for sinners mercy before God. In the same way, Jesus, Himself died for our sins and entered into Heaven to plead for our sins before the Holy God (1 Jn. 2 : 2). He is the Great High Priest. He is now performing His Priestly office in Heaven by advocating for sinners.
Read : Mk. 10 : 45 ; Jn. 1 : 29 ; 14 : 16 ; Rom. 3 : 24-25 ; 8 : 34 ; 1 Cor. 5 : 7 ; Gal. 6 : 14 ; Eph. 5 : 2 ; 1 Tim. 2 : 5 ; Heb. 7 : 25 ; 9 : 23-24 ; 10 : 1 ; 13 : 11-12 ; 1 Pet. 2 : 24 ; 3 : 18. These texts refer to His priestly office.
The Kingly Office : This means that Christ holds the office of king. He is the king of kings. He is the spiritual king of believers now, because He rules in their hearts. However, He will rule the world during Kingdom in earth. Many OT passages predict that the Messiah will be the King. He will be the perfect king and His Kingdom will be perfect as well.
Read : Ps. 2 : 6 ; 132 ; 11 ; 45 : 6 ; 72 : 17 ; 89 : 37 ; Is. 9 : 6,7, Dan. 2 : 44 ; Mich. 5 : 2 ; Zech. 6 : 13 ; 2 Sam. 7 : 13,16, Mt. 7 : 21 ; 12 : 28 ; 28 : 18 ; Lk. 1 : 33 ; 17 : 21 ; 19 : 38 ; Jn. 18 : 36 ; Act. 2 : 3 ; 1 Cor. 15 : 27,50 ; Eph. 1 : 20-22 ; 1 Tim. 4 : 18 ; 1 Pet. 1 : 11
Note : The Kingdom of God (Kingdom of Heaven) probably referring to His spiritual Kingship at present and to His earthly rule in future.
Benefit of learning this doctrine (Christology)
By learning this doctrine we understand that
Jesus Christ is our Saviour (Act 4 : 12).
Jesus Christ is our Perfect Sacrifice (Jn. 1 : 29)
He removes our fear of death (Heb. 2 : 15)
He gives us victory (Jn. 16 : 33)
He sympathizes with us (Heb. 4 : 15)
He advocates with the Father for our sins (1 Jn. 2 : 2)
He comforts and prepares a place for us in Heaven (Jn. 14 : 1-3).
pneumatology (doctrine of holy spirit)
Introduction
The term “Pneumatology” is derived from two Greek words Pneuma and Logy. Pneuma means “Spirit” and “Logy” means study . Hence Pneumatology means “the doctrine or study of the Holy Spirit”. The Holy Spirit is the third Person of Holy Trinity. Therefore the study concerning the Holy Spirit is equally important as that of the first and second persons of the Trinity.
Many English Bibles use the capital “S” wherever Spirit refers to the Holy Spirit. If spirit refers to anyother, they do not use capital letter. Some English Bibles mention “Holy Ghost” instead of Holy Spirit.
Many Christians do not have proper understanding of the Holy Spirit. But the Bible is very clear and it teaches that the Holy Spirit is God. Therefore, let us study from the word of God (Bible) concerning the Holy Spirit, His personality, His existence, His works etc.
THE PERSONALITY OF THE HOLY SPIRIT
The Proofs for the Doctrine of Personality
The Holy Spirit has the attributes of Personality.
The personality of the Holy Spirit is clearly taught in the Bible. The very basic attributes of personality are Mind (Intellect), will (Discerning Power) and Emotion (Sensibility). The Holy Spirit has such attributes. Therefore He is a Person
(i) Mind : Holy Spirit knows the things of God because He has mind, and teaches to men (Rom. 8 : 27 ; 1 Cor. 2 : 10-13 ; Is. 11 : 2 ; Eph. 1 : 17).
(ii) Will : He has will by which He distributes the Spiritual gifts. I Cor. 12 : 11 ; Act 16 : 6-11.
(iii) Emotions : The Holy Spirit has feelings. Eph. 4 : 30 ; Rom. 15 : 30.
As living persons has, The Holy Spirit has mind, will and emotions. Therefore he has personality.
The Holy Spirit performs the Actions like of person.
The Spirit teaches- 14 : 26
The Spirit testifies – Jn. 15 : 26 : Rom. 8 : 16
The Spirit guides – Rom. 8 : 14
The Spirit convinces – Jn. 16 : 7-8
The Spirit restrains – Gen. 6 : 3
The Spirit directs people – Act. 8 : 29
The Spirit calls for Special Ministry – Acts. 13 : 1-4
The Spirit intercedes – Rom. 8 : 26.
This kind of actions are done only by those who have personality. Since the Holy Spirit does such actions, we understand that He has personality.
He receives human action done towards Him.
The Spirit can be obeyed – Act. 10 : 19-21
The Spirit can be grieved – Epha.4 : 30
The Spirit can be reverenced – Ps. 51 : 11
The Spirit can be outraged – Heb. 10 : 29.
So also the Spirit can be lied (Act. 5 : 3) resisted (Act. 7 : 51) and blasphemed (Mt. 12 : 31). These acts done by men towards the Holy Spirit prove His personality.
D. The use of Personal pronouns affirms His Personality
Generally, Personal pronouns are used only for persons. These personal pronouns are used of the Holy Spirit in such a way that His personality is affirmed. The Greek word “pneuma” is neuter. However, in several instances the masculine pronouns are attributed to Him.
He – Jn. 16 : 7-8/ 13-14 (He refers to the Holy Spirit)
Whom-Jn. 15 : 26 (Here, whom refers to the Holy Spirit)
Since the Holy Spirit has many traits of Personality, we understand that He is not only person, but Divine Person. Therefore we shall study about the Deity of the Holy Spirit.
THE DEITY OF THE HOLY SPIRIT
The Holy Spirit bears divine titles which prove His Deity. Many times in the Bible, He is related by name to the other two persons of the Holy Trinity. (Eg.) The Spirit of our God – 1 Cor. 6 : 11; The Spirit of Jesus. Acts 16 : 7 (Greek). Rom. 8 : 9.
A. Divine Attributes
Attributes are qualities or characteristics inherent in a being. As Man has human quality, God has divine qualities. Such divine qualities are called divine attributes. Since the Holy Spirit possesses such attributes, He is Divine (God).
He knows all (Omniscience – 1 Cor. 2 : 11-12)
He is everywhere at the same time (Omnipresence – Ps. 139 : 7)
He is all powerful (Omnipotence – Job. 33 : 4 ; Zech. 4 : 6)
He is truth – 1 Jn. 5 : 6
He is Holy – Lk. 11 : 13
He is the source of life – Rom. 8 : 2 cf. V. 11.
He has wisdom – Isa. 40 : 13
These divine attributes reveal that He is God.
B. Divine Actions
Divine actions can be performed by God only. Since the Holy Spirit performs such actions, we can understand He is God.
The act of creation – Gen. 1 : 2 ; Job. 26 : 13 ; 27 : 3 ; Ps. 33 : 6 ; 104 : 30
The act of inspiration – 2 Pet. 1 : 21 ; 2 Tim. 3 : 16
The act of begetting Jesus – Lk. 1 : 35
The work of convincing the sinners – Jn. 16 : 8
The work of comforting – Jn. 14 : 16
The work of interceding – Rom. 8 : 26
The work of Sanctifying – 2 Thes. 2 : 13
The work of renewing – Tit. 3 : 5
C. Divine Associations
Some scripture passages mention the association of Holy Spirit with other persons of Trinity.
Association with Jehovah – Act. 28 : 25 ; Is. 6 : 1-13 ; Heb. 10 : 15-17 ;
With God – Mt. 12 : 31-32 ; Act. 5 : 3-4.
With the Father and the Son – Mt. 28 : 19 ; 2 Cor. 13 : 14
Only Divine person can have divine association equally with other persons of Trinity. Since the Holy Spirit has such equal divine association, we know He is God (Jn. 15 : 26 ; Gal. 4 : 6 ; Rom. 8 : 9 ; Jn. 16 : 7).
Note : The terms “Spirit of Jesus” and “Spirit of Christ” are the same (Rom. 8 : 9). All speak of the Holy Spirit because there is only one Spirit. (Eph. 4 : 4)
By studying about Divine Attributes, Actions and Associations of Holy Spirit, we understand the Holy Spirit is God.
THE TYPOLOGY OF THE HOLY SPIRIT
Definition of Type
A type is divinely purposed illustration. It prefigures its corresponding reality.
Descriptions of the Holy Spirit in Type
All the biblical descriptions of the Holy Spirit in Type help better to understand Him. The following are common biblical representation of the Holy Spirit.
Dove : (Mt. 3 : 16 ; Mk. 1 : 10 ; Lk. 3 : 22 ; Jn. 1 : 32) This type (emblem) speaks of the purity of the Spirit (Mt. 10 : 16), its heavenly origin (Dove descended from opened heaven) and peace (Dove rested on Christ).
Earnest : (2 Cor. 1 : 22 ; 5 : 5 ; Eph. 1 : 14) The main idea in this type is a pledge or token payment. The presence of the Holy Spirit in the believers’ hearts is a pledged guarantee that they will receive all the promised future blessings of the Salvation.
Fire : (Act. 2 : 3). Fire represents the presence of God (Ex. 3 : 2), the approval of God (Lev. 9 : 24), the protection of God (Ex. 13 : 21) and the judging and sanctifying power of God (Lev. 10 : 2 ; Is. 6 : 1-8).
Oil : 4 : 18; Acts 10 : 38 ; 2 Cor. 1 : 21 ; 1 Jn. 2 : 20. The oil represents preparation for the ministry by anointing like of priests in OT (Ex. 40 : 9 – 16 ; Lev. 8 ; Is. 61 : 1-2). The believer can shine like a lamp with oil (Ex. 27 : 20), so long as they are guided by the Holy Spirit (Jn. 16 : 13-15). It also represents cleansing and healing (Lev. 8 : 30 ; 14 : 17).
Seal : 2 Cor. 1 : 22 ; Eph. 1 : 13 ; 4 : 30. This symbol speaks of Divine ownership, security and authority of the owner. Therefore the believer is the possession of God. None can take a believer away from God (Jn. 10 : 28-29). On the day of redemption, believer will inherit the eternal blessing. (Eph. 4 : 30)
Water : 4 : 14 ; 7 : 38-39. As water is essential for life, the living water (Holy Spirit) is very essential for the Spiritual life.
Wind : 3 : 8. As the wind is invisible, the Holy Spirit is invisible. Wind is powerful, so is the work of the Holy Spirit which is powerful to bring regeneration in the heart of repenting sinner. Moreover, the effective service of believer is due to the invisible power of the Holy Spirit.
THE HOLY SPIRIT IN THE OLD TESTAMENT
Works of the Spirit in Relation to creation and world.
The Holy Spirit also took part in the creation of the world. As a member of the Holy Trinity, the Holy Spirit participated in the act of creation in Genesis : 1 : 1. In Isaiah 40 : 12-14, the Spirit is directly connected with the creation of universe, specifically with the planning and management of the universe. Job. 33 : 4 refers to the Spirit’s work in creating man. Therefore, it is a fact that the Holy Spirit involved not only in creating the universe but also in creating man.
Read : Gen. 1 : 1-2 ; Ps. 33 : 6 ; 104 : 29-30 ; Job. 26 : 13 ; 33 : 4 ; Jn. 6 : 63 ; 2 Cor. 3 : 6; Heb. 1 : 1-3
From these verses, we know that the Holy Spirit gave life, created the world in order, adorned the creation with beauty, and preserves the world.
Works of the Spirit in Relation to man.
As the Holy Spirit involved in creating man, He continually involved in OT in the lives of man by indwelling, restraining sin, enabling man for service etc.
Selective Indwelling : In OT, the Holy Spirit indwelt in some selected people especially in some selected persons from the people of Israel. He indwelt in many good believers (Eg.) His indwelling was in Joseph (Gen. 41 : 37-39), in Joshua (Num. 27 : 18) and in Daniel (Dan. 5 : 11-14 ; 6 : 3). These passages make clear that Holy Spirit indwelt in OT believers. Therefore they could live good life before God and serve better in their call. He not only indwelt but also filled the believers in OT time for service and leadership (Ex. 31 : 3 ; 35 : 31 ; Jud. 3 : 10 ; 6 : 34 ; 11 : 29).
Restraint of Sin : As the Holy Spirit restrains sin in NT period, He restrained sin in OT period also – Because He could only restrain sin. This restraining work was done from the very early period of human history (Gen. 6 : 3 ; Neh. 9 : 20 ; Ps. 51 : 11).
Enablement for Service : In OT period, the Spirit was given for enabling people for particular work for which they were called. This enablement is related to filling also.
Bezaleel was enabled intellectually (Ex. 31 : 3)
Samson was enabled physically – Judges 14 : 6
David was enabled spiritually as well as politically – 1 Sam. 16 : 13.
Note : This special enablement of Spirit was removed from OT believers when they sinned against God (Jud. 13 : 25 ; 16 : 20 ; Ps. 51 : 11). Some believe that the Spirit continually indwelt in OT believers, when they sinned, but only the special enablement was removed. However, in the NT church believers, the Holy Spirit dwells permanently (Jn. 14 : 16) till the day of final redemption (Eph. 4 : 30).
THE HOLY SPIRIT IN REVEALING GOD’S WORD
The Holy Spirit was the divine author who revealed God’s message to the human authors so that they could record God’s message in written form in the Bible. He revealed God’s message through some men of God in both the Testaments. He used on the one hand prophets and other men of God in OT, on the other hand apostles and their companions in NT in order to record God’s message. They were filled under the controlling work of the Holy Spirit.
2 Tim. 3 : 16 ; 1 Pet. 1 : 10-12 ; 2 Pet. 1 : 21 ; 3 : 15-16 ; Eph. 3 : 2-5 ; 1 Cor. 12 : 4, 8 –11, 28, 29. As the Holy Spirit moved the authors and helped them to record God’s message in the Bible, He also helps to the believers to interpret the scripture, if the believers yield fully to His guidance (Jn. 16 : 14 ; 1 Cor. 2 : 9 – 14).
THE WORKS OF HOLY SPIRIT DURING JESUS’ PERIOD
Jesus was the Messiah. His life on the earth was also called the Messianic period (Jesus’ period). In order to mark the beginning of the messiah period, John, the Baptist who prepared the way of the Lord was born. The father and mother of John, the Baptist were filled with the Holy Spirit. (Lk. 1 : 41, 67). The work of the Holy Spirit was in a special manner during this messianic period.
His work in the virgin birth of Jesus Christ was paramount among all the works of the Holy Spirit (Lk. 1 : 35). Moreover we can see the activities of Holy Spirit from the birth to the resurrection of Jesus Christ. The Holy Spirit anointed Jesus for His messianic Office(Lk. 3 : 21, 22 ; 4 : 18-21), filled and empowered Jesus (Lk. 4 : 1-14 ; Act. 10 : 38). Even the sacrificial death of Jesus was offered through the Holy Spirit (Heb. 9 : 14). In this similar way, the Holy Spirit involved greatly in the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead (Rom. 1 : 4 ; 1 Pet. 3 : 18). Everything that happened in the life of Jesus was through the Holy Spirit only.
THE WORKS OF THE HOLY SPIRIT DURING CHURCH AGE
His works in relation to the church
In the birth of the church
The New Testament church was born on the day of Pentecost by making the body of individual believers as the temple of the Holy Spirit. Since Pentecost, the body of believers became the temple of Holy Spirit. In the OT, God dwelt in Tabernacle, later stage in the Temple of Jerusalem, But, He now indwells in believer through the Holy Spirit from the day of Pentecost. (Acts 2 : 1-4 ; 1 Cor. 6 : 19 ; 12 : 12-27 ; Eph. 1 : 22, 23) while He indwells in individual believers, He also made all believers into one corporate whole the church of the living God. Therefore, the Holy Spirit gave birth to the church on the day of Pentecost as a corporate body of living members.
In the mission of the church
The Holy Spirit guided the apostles and the early evangelists as to the places where they have to take the mission by preaching the gospel of Jesus Christ. He guided Philip to Ethiopian Eunuch. (Act. 8 : 26 – 40). Peter to Cornelius (10 : 1-48), Paul and Barnabas to missionary journeys (13 : 1-4). He also guided the church at Antioch to send missionaries (Act. 13 : 1-3). Thus He guided all the missions of early church (Act. 1 : 8 ; 16 : 6-7). He guided their mission by counseling them on difficult question concerning gentiles (Act. 15 : 28).
By conferring gifts upon the church
The Holy Spirit gave the gifts to the church so that the church might use those gifts for the spiritual and numerical growth of the church. By giving gifts to the members of the church, the Holy Spirit purposed that the believers may serve one another for the better function of the church (The body of Christ) Rom. 12 : 6-8 ; 1 Cor. 12 : 4-11 , 28-31. Every believer has atleast one spiritual gift which has to be used in the church for the glory of God (1 Cor. 12 : 11).
By identifying ingredients of the church
When the church began on the day of Pentecost the Jews were only saved. Act 2 : 1-4, 41. But God willed to include all people, especially the gentiles into the church. This plan of God for the church of NT was unknown to the apostles. So the apostles supposed the church was only for the Jews. In order to change their miscomprehension, and to identify the peoples who had to be included in the church, God used visible and audible sign of speaking in tongues.
Non Jews were called gentiles. They were not included as the members of the Church on the day of Pentecost. God gave the gentiles believers the sign of speaking in tongues in the house of Cornelius, so that the apostles might allow the gentiles into the church (Act. 10). If the apostles had not seen the sign of speaking with tongues, they would not have allowed the gentiles into the church (Act. 10 : 44-47). Allowing the gentiles into the church became an issue in the early church and later it was solved in the council of Jerusalem. In that council, Peter said that the Holy Spirit was given to gentiles as He was given to us. (Act 15 : 7-11). The council accepted his explanation, when he said of the gentiles the sign of speaking with tongues. Therefore the Holy Spirit helped the apostles, and the early church to make the gentiles as the members of the church along with the Jews (Eph. 2)
In the same manner, some disciples of John, the Baptist spoke with tongues. When Paul saw them speaking with tongues, these disciples were included in the church of New Testament (Act. 19 : 1-7). Thus the Holy Spirit helped the apostles to identify the ingredients of the church. (The Jews – the Gentiles). Therefore the church is inclusive of all believers – irrespective of their birth, nation, caste, race, colour, and sex. All are equal in the church.
In comforting the martyrs of the church
As the church grew geographically and numerically, the opposition and persecution on the church was increased. Many became martyrs for the name of Jesus Christ. When the believers were martyred, they were filled with Spirit to face and challenge the opposition with courage.
Eg. Stephen (Act. 6 : 8-15 ; 7 : 55-56)
In the Rapture of the church
The church that began on the day of Pentecost will be taken in rapture at the secret coming of Jesus Christ. As the Holy Spirit played the key role on Pentecost in starting the church, He will play an important role at rapture in completing the church, the body of Christ in the earth. From the day of Pentecost, the Holy Spirit baptizes and unites every individual Christian believer into the body of Christ. (The church). This work of uniting believers into the body of Christ is to continue until the number of the last believer shall be gathered and the body (The body of Christ = Church) be completed (Act. 2 : 21 ; 5 : 14 ; 11 : 24 ; 1 Cor. 12 : 13 ; Eph. 4 : 11-16 ; 5 : 30 ; Col. 1 : 18). When the body is completed, the rapture will take place. During rapture, the Holy spirit will quicken the dead in Christ. Jesus will transfigure the living believers so that all will be with Jesus (1 Thes. 4 : 13-16 ; 1 Cor. 15 : 51-52). Therefore, both the dead believers as well as living believers will be with Jesus at rapture.
B. His Work in relation to the believers
(i) Regeneration : It is the act of God whereby spiritually dead men are quickened (made alive spiritually) through the Spirit. The Bible clearly teach that regeneration is the act of God (Jn. 1 : 13 ; 5 : 21 ; Rom. 6 : 13 ; 2 Cor. 5 : 17). The New birth that is said to be from above is a gift (Jn. 3 : 3 ; Eph. 2 : 8). Particularly, Regeneration is the work of the Holy Spirit (Jn. 3 : 3-7).
Regeneration is necessary because man is spiritually dead (Eph. 2 : 1). Man who is dead spiritually can not have relationship with the Holy God. Therefore Regeneration is necessary so that man can renew his relation with God. As the result of regeneration, man gets a new nature which responds to God (2 Cor. 5 : 17); he also receives the new life which is eternal. And in general, the regeneration takes place within a man when he believes Jesus Christ as his only Saviour and positively responds to the gospel through repentence.
Since regeneration takes place inwardly in the Spirit, it may not be experienced outwardly by the man at the time of his regeneration. However, He can have a real sence of forgiveness of sin within him. As he grows in Christ, he will gradually give the fruits of Spirit (Gal. 5 : 22-23). The fruits of the spirit are the visible sign of regneration.
The baptizing work of the Holy Spirit
By the baptizing work of the Spirit, the Holy Spirit places a regenerated man into the body of Christ (1 Cor. 12 : 13 ; Eph. 4 : 5). The Bible teaches that all believers are baptized by the Holy Spirit (1 Cor. 12 : 13). The baptizing work of the Holy Spirit began only from the day of Pentecost (Act. 1 : 5 ; 11 : 15-17). Although the Holy Spirit was active in OT, no mention of such a baptism found in the OT. As well, No mention of the baptism of the Holy Spirit found in the millennial time. Therefore we conclude that it is a special ministry of the Holy Spirit to this dispensation of Church.
As the result of baptism of the Holy Spirit, a believer becomes the member of the body of Christ (The universal church). Moreover, the baptizing work is the means by which we actualize our crucifixion with Christ (Rom. 6 : 1-10 ; Col 2 : 12).
The sealing with the Holy Spirit
God seals a believer with the Holy Spirit. According to Eph. 1 : 13, every believer is sealed when he accepts Jesus as his only Saviour (2 Cor. 1 : 21-22 ; Eph.4 : 30). Since a believer is sealed with the Holy Spirit, he will be protected by God till the final redemption which is at the second coming of Jesus Christ.
As the seal of Government authorities denotes the security and possession (ownership) of the property sealed, the sealing of the Holy Spirit denotes that the believer is secured in the hands of God and possessed by Him eternally. (Jn. 10 : 28, 29). Therefore every believer belongs to God only. He is the possession of God, his owner is God.
The Anointing of the Holy Spirit
Anointing is the greatest blessing of God to a believer. In the OT, prophets, priests and Kings were anointed with oil, when they were concecrated. Likewise, God anoints the believers with the Holy Spirit so that the believers may use their spiritual gifts in the ministry for which they are called (2 Cor. 1 : 21, 22 ; 1 Jn. 2 : 27)
The Indwelling of the Holy Spirit in the believer
Jesus promised during His earthly ministry, that Father will give you (Disciples (or) any believer) another comforter (Jn. 14 : 16-17). This comforter is the Holy Spirit. Jesus also indicated in these verses, that the comforter will dwell in us and with us permanently. Therefore, according to the teaching of Jesus, the Holy Spirit will abide and dwell with the believer, forever in other words permanently. (1 Cor. 3 : 16 ; 6 : 19). Since the Holy Spirit dwells in a believer, he becomes the temple of the Holy Spirit.
Since the Holy Spirit indwells in a believer, He will make the believer to give fruits of the Spirit (Gal. 5 : 22-23). A true believer will always give fruits. If there is no fruit in a Christian, He is unsaved probably.
The filling with the Holy Spirit
Every born-again believer (Regenerated person) must be filled with the Holy Spirit (Eph. 5 : 18). “And be not drunk with wine , wherein is excess; but be filled with the Spirit”. This is a command of God. In this verse, Spirit filling is contrasted with drunkenness. At the same time, there is a comparison between the two. The comparison is in the matter of control. A drunkard is fully controlled by the liquor which he has consumed. This control of the liquor affects his life in a great deal. Likewise, a person who is filled with the Holy Spirit is controlled by the Spirit. Therefore the life of Spirit filled person will be completely different from his old life. A Spirit filled person will be a great blessing to others as well as to himself.
The Results of being filled
Fruitful life like Jesus – Gal. 5 : 22, 23 (Nine fruits)
Worship and praise to God – Eph. 5 : 18-20
Submissiveness – Eph. 5 : 21
Service – Jn. 7 : 37 – 39
Spiritual understanding of scripture – 1 Cor. 2 : 9-14
Guidance by God’s Spirit – Rom. 8 : 14
When a Spirit filled person lives according to the word of God, He will start giving fruits (Gal. 5 : 22,23). The Spirit filled life is the fountain of Christian maturity and service (Jn. 7 : 37-39). Therefore, the Spirit filled persons could become the best Christian leaders.
Grieve not the Holy Spirit – Eph. 4 : 30
The word grieve means ‘to cause pain’ or ‘hurt’. The characteristic of the Spirit is that He is Holy; that is why He is called the Holy Spirit. Therefore, when He sees sin which is unholiness in a believer, the Holy Spirit is grieved. Because the Holy Spirit does not want a believer to sin. Thus the presence of sin (open or secret sin) in a believer grieves or causes pain to the Spirit of God. In this context (Eph. 4 : 25-31) many sins which were in Ephesus are listed. However all sins will grieve the Holy Spirit. Therefore whenever a believer commits any sin, the Holy Spirit is grieved.
If a believer commits sin, He grieves the Holy Spirit. As a result of grieving, the sweet fellowship between the believer and God is broken (1 Jn. 1 : 4-7); more over that sinned believer will lose his joy as well. He will not have peace of mind.
In order to restore the fellowship with God and regain the lost joy, the believer must confess his sin that he has committed. (1 Jn. 1 : 9 ). The word confess means “to say the same thing committed”. Therefore when the sinner confess his sin to God, He forgives immediately and restore fellowship and joy. The confession of David is the best example for confessing sin to God and for regaining joy (Ps. 51).
Quench not the Holy Spirit – 1 Thes. 5 : 19
Quenching the Holy Spirit is ‘making Him inoperative (not operative) in our lives. The Holy Spirit wants to burn in believers’ hearts and to lead the believer according to the scripture (God’s word). He wants to lead and to guide the believer. But if that believer lives according to his own desires of flesh, the Spirit cannot work in him. Thus, the believer does not allow the Holy Spirit to lead his life. Thereby the Holy Spirit becomes inoperative in that believer who does not follow the guidance of the Holy Spirit.
Therefore, quenching has the idea of resisting the Spirit. The remedy for quenching is ‘yielding himself to God’ (Rom. 6 : 13). Unyielding believer is a rebellious person. He resists as well as quenches the Spirit. We should yield and follow the guidance of the Holy Spirit lest we quench the Spirit.
A true Spirit filled person will never Grieve the Holy Spirit and Quench the Spirit as well. He will always yield to the guidance of the Holy Spirit (Rom. 6 : 13). And He will depend on and walk according to the Spirit (Gal. 5 : 16).
THE SPIRITUAL GIFTS
The Greek word for spiritual gift (charisma) is obviously related to grace, for ‘charis’ means “grace”. Thus a Spiritual Gift is due to grace of God. The usage of this word in the NT is quite wide, ranging from the gift of Salvation (Rom. 6 : 23) to the gift of God’s previdential care (2 Cor. 1 : 11 ASV). Usually, it is used of the special gifts given to believers by God, and with the exception of 1 Pet. 4 : 10, the word is used in the New Testament only by Paul.
Note : Some believe that spiritual gifts are natural talents which are boosted by the Holy Spirit at the time of regeneration. But this concept lacks biblical support.
Giver of the Gifts
The Holy Spirit distributes the spiritual gifts to every believers according to His will (1 Cor. 12 : 11). Ephesian 4 : 7, 11 say that Christ also involved in giving of gifts to the church. However, it is the Holy Spirit who distributes the gifts to each believer.
Bible passages related to Spiritual Gifts
There are four passages which deal with spiritual gifts.
12 : 6-8
1 Cor. 12 : 8-10, 28-30
4 : 11-16
1 Pet. 4 : 9-11
If we carefully study these passages in the epistles, we can mark 20 gifts (Some gifts are repeatedly mentioned in these passages). These 20 gifts are classified into three groups.
Classification of Spiritual gifts
Spiritual gifts are classified into three groups such as Church Foundational gifts, Revelational gifts and Church growth gifts.
(i) Foundational Gifts
Apostles
Prophets
Miracles
Healing
These gifts were used by God to lay the foundation of the church. Hence these are called foundational gifts.
Revelational Gifts
Speaking in tongues
Interpretation of tongues
These gifts were used by God to reveal His message to the church. Therefore these are known as revelatory gifts.
Church Growth Gifts
Ministry (Helps)
Teaching
Exhorting (Encouraging)
Giving
Administration (Leadership)
Showing Mercy
Faith
Discerning of Spirits
Evangelists
Pastors
Hospitality
Preaching Teachers
The word of knowledge (Counselling)
The word of wisdom (Proper Interpretation & application of scripture – 2 Tim. 2 : 15)
These gifts are being used by God for the growth of the church. Therefore these are called church growth gifts.
Major views concerning Spiritual Gifts
First view : According to this view, all gifts (20) are existing today in the church. This view is called Pentecostal or charismatic view.
Second view : According to this view, Foundational gifts and Revelatory gifts are not in operation in this period. They existed only in the first century when the direct ministry of angels existed. However the church growth gifts (14) are existing even today in the church. This view is called traditional or Bible believers view.
Third view : Those who hold this third view reject the claims of first two views. According to the third view, Salvation in Christ through the regeneration of the Holy Spirit is more important than spiritual gifts. Therefore, this view gives more important to Salvation.
Purpose of Spiritual Gifts
Ephesians 4 : 12 mentions the general purpose of gifts. The gifts are given for perfecting, ministering and edification of a believer as well as of the church. Peter says that it must be used for ministering (serving) to others (1 Pet. 4 : 10). Hence every Christian must use his gifts in the church and in the ministry for the glory of God as well as for the edification of other believers. When all the believers use their gifts in the church, the church will be strengthened and it will grow rapidly.
Benefits of learning the doctrine of the Holy Spirit (Pneumatology)
By learning this doctrine, we understand that
The Holy Spirit is God (Jn. 4 : 24)
The Holy Spirit regenerates us for Salvation (Tit. 3 : 5)
The Holy Spirit anoints us (1 Jn. 2 : 27)
The Holy Spirit seals us (Eph. 1 : 13)
The Holy Spirit gives us gifts (1 Cor. 12 : 11)
Assignment
Christology
Explain the pre-existence of Christ
Write the purpose of incarnation of Christ
Write the proofs of the virgin birth of Jesus Christ
Discuss the deity of Jesus Christ
Discuss the resurrection of Jesus.
Pneumatology
Discuss the deity of the Holy Spirit.
Write about the symbols (Types) of Holy Spirit.
What is the sealing of the Holy Spirit.
What are the results of being filled with the Holy Spirit.
What are the three major views concerning the Spiritual gifts? Which view do you hold and why do you hold that view?. Explain your reasons for holding that view